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APPLIED CHEMISTRY:
Intro to Organic Chemistry
Engr
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• Organic Chemistry is branch of chemistry in which carbon compounds and
their reactions are studied
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• Organic chemistry has had a profound effect on modern life: It has improved
natural materials and it has synthesized natural and artificial materials that
have, in turn, improved health, increased comfort, and added to the
convenience of nearly every product manufactured today
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He separated the different acids that, in combination with the alkali,
produced the soap
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His
discovery, made widely known through its financial success, greatly
increased interest in organic chemistry
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• The advent of organic chemistry is often associated with the discovery in
1828 by the German chemist Friedrich Wöhler that the inorganic, or mineral,
substance called ammonium cyanate could be converted in the laboratory
to urea, an organic substance found in the urine of many animals
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• Elemental analysis: A destructive method used to determine the elemental
composition of a molecule
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High resolution mass
spectrometry can usually identify the exact formula of a compound and is
used in lieu of elemental analysis
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Highly efficient hardware and
software allows a structure to be determined within hours of obtaining a
suitable crystal
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In contrast, while
inorganic materials generally can be melted, many do not boil, tending
instead to degrade
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A well-known example of a sublimable
organic compound is para-dichlorobenzene, the odiferous constituent of
modern mothballs
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Solubility

• Neutral organic compounds tend to be hydrophobic; that is, they are less
soluble in water than in organic solvents
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Solvents can be
either pure substances like ether or ethyl alcohol, or mixtures, such as the
paraffinic solvents such as the various petroleum ethers and white spirits, or
the range of pure or mixed aromatic solvents obtained from petroleum or
tar fractions by physical separation or by chemical conversion
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TYPES OF HYDROCARBON
1
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The general formula for saturated
hydrocarbons is CnH2n+2 (assuming non-cyclic structures)
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Unsaturated hydrocarbons have one or more double or triple bonds
between carbon atoms
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Those containing triple
bonds are called alkynes
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Cycloalkanes are hydrocarbons containing one or more carbon rings to
which hydrogen atoms are attached
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4
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g
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g
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g
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g
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