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BIOLOGY STUDIES SUMMARY
Eukaryotic Cell


Cell that has a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

Prokaryotic Cells


Genetic material is not enclosed in a nucleus
...



Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes

A plant cell contains
...
Focus the
microscope while increasing the magnification
...
Can see in greater detail
...


Bacteria


Multiply by Binary fission
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Practical: Antibiotics and bacteria
1
...
Sterilize inoculation loop using fire
3
...
Spread Bacteria over plate
5
...
Incubate for a few days at 25 degrees

Gametes


Sex cells that contain half the number of chromosomes

Chromosomes


Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes
...
DNA replicates, the cell grows and copies internal structures
2
...
Two identical cells are formed
Stem cell


An undifferentiated cell which can give rise to more cells of the same type and can
differentiate to form other types of cells

Stem cells Location


They are found in plant meristems, embryos and in bone marrows

Bone Marrow Transplant


Treat patients with leukemia
...


Therapeutic Cloning


A donor embryo is conceived to provide stem cells with the same genes for a patient
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Practical: effects of osmosis
1
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Measure mass and size of the cube
3
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5 molar sugar solution
4
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25 molar sugar solution
5
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Leave overnight
7
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Enzymes begin to break it up

Function of Oesophagus


Squeezes food down using peristalsis motion
...
It contains hydrochloric acid
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Function of Large Intestine


Absorbs water from food

Function of Liver


Produces Bile

Function of Pancreas


Produces enzymes

Enzymes


Large protein molecules that catalyse chemical reactions without having any chemical
change to themselves
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Protease


Breaks down proteins into amino acids
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Amalayse


Breaks down carbohydrates into starch
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