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CHEMISTRY STUDY NOTES

Acid


Compound that gives off H+ ions in solution

Acidic


Describes a solution with a high concentration of H+ ions

Anion


Ions with a negative charge

Anode


The electrode where electrons are lost (oxidized) in redox reactions

Atmospheres


Common units for measuring pressure

Atom


The smallest object that retains properties of an element
...
022 * 10 to the 23 power

Base


Substance which gives off hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution

Basic


Having the characteristics of a base

Bohr's atom


He made significant contributions to the atom
...
Protons have a positive

...
Like
...


Chemical changes


Processes or events that have altered the fundamental structure of something

Chemical equation


An expression of a fundamental change in the chemical substance

Colligative properties


Properties of a solution that depend only on the number of particles dissolved in it, not
the properties of the particles themselves
...


Combustion


When substances combine with oxygen and release energy

Compound


Two or more atoms joined together chemically, with covalent or ionic bonds

Concentration


The amount of a substance in a specified space

Conjugate acid


A substance which can lose H+ ion to form a base

Conjugate base


A substance which can gain H+ ion to form an acid

Covalent bonds


When two atoms share at least one pair of electrons

Decay


Change of an element into a different element, usually with some other particle(s) of
energy emitted

Density


Mass per unit volume of a substance

Dipole-dipole forces


Intermolecular forces that exist between polar molecules
...
The strengths of intermolecular attractions increase when
polarity increases

Dispersion forces (London dispersion forces)


Dispersion is an intermolecular attraction force that exists between all molecules
...

Generally very weak, when their molecular mass increases, so does their strength

Dissociation


Breaking down of a compound into its components to form ions from an ionic substance

Double bond


When an atom is bonded to another atom by two sets of electron pairs

Effusion


Movement of gas molecules through a small opening

Electrochemical cell


Gives an electric current with a steady voltage as a result of an electron transfer
reaction

Electrodes


Device that moves electrons into or out of a solution by conduction

Electrolysis


Changing the chemical structure of a compound using electrical energy

Electromagnetic spectrum


Complete range of wavelengths which light can have
...
Indivisible particle with a charge
of -1

Electronegativity


Measure of a substance's ability to attract electrons

Electrostatic forces


Forces between charged objects

Element


Substance consisting of only one type of atom

Empirical formula


Formula showing the simplest ratio of elements in a compound

Endothermic


Process that absorbs heat from its surroundings as the reaction proceeds

Energy


Ability to do work

Enthalpy


Change in heat at constant pressure

Entropy


Measure of the disorder of a system

Equilibrium


When the reactants and products are in a constant ratio
...
A small
number means that equilibrium is towards the reactants side while a large number
means that the equilibrium is towards the product side

Equilibrium expression


The expression giving the ratio between the products and reactants
...
When describing a moving wave, means the
number of peaks which would pass a stationary point in a given amount of time

Geiger counter


Instrument that measures radiation output

Gibb's free energy


The energy of a system that is available to do work at a constant temperature and
pressure

Graham's law


The rate of diffusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar
mass

Half life


The amount of time it takes for half an initial amount to disintegrate

Heisenberg uncertainty principle


The principle states that it is not possible to know a particle's location and momentum
precisely at any time

Hydrogen bonding


Strong type of intermolecular dipole-dipole attraction
...
Forces caused by the attraction and repulsion of charged
particles



Removing or adding electrons to an atom creates an
...
It is temperature in degrees Celsius plus 273
...
Objects that are not moving do
not have this
...
022 * 10 to the 23 power number of objects
...
It is almost identical in mass to a proton, but
carries no electrical charge



Abbreviation for nanometers
...
Plural=nuclei

Octet


In Lewis structures, the goal is to make almost all atoms have this structure
...
There are many other
trends such as size of elements and electronegativity that are easily expressed in terms
of the periodic table



Measures the acidity of a solution

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