Notesale: Turn your study into money

Document Preview

Extracts from the notes are below, to see the PDF you'll receive please use the links above

---

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
I
...
Theme presentation
CHAPTER II – AMENRETICO-METHODICAL BACKGROUND OF THE
WORKTEO
II 1
...
2
...
2
...

II
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
5
...
6
...
1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
5
...
6
...
7
...

Besides, among the development trends of the game of handball on the international
level, the increase in the value of the physical component (somatic type and motor
qualities) is a priority
...

The provided elements are graded, in accordance with the biomotor potential of
the respective ages, considering the idea that at the end of the first two stages, the junior
children will have mostly mastered the technical and tactical repertoire of the game
...
Physical training is more related to technical training at some stages than at
others
...

Practice shows us that by using a skeleton of means, present in all stages but with
differentiated dosage, good results have been obtained
...
It is advisable not to omit this
requirement of the modern game and to accustom the players from training to work at a
sustained pace, at least equal to that during the game
...

The training methodology requires today, as a basic element that must be formed
in the training process:
-

creating an own game rhythm;

-

changing the pace of the game whenever necessary;

-

training the skill to play without the ball;

-

the formation of the ability to think;

-

forming the habit of anticipating both one's own actions and others

of the opponent;
-

using the counterattack as the basic form of attack;

-

the formation of complete players, good achievers and very good

-

the training of players with a special ability is demanded more than ever

defenders;

personality in the game;
The level reached in handball performances is known: more and more handball
players have a complex, superior training, able to respond to the interests of the nervous
demands to which they are subjected
...


I
...
Presentation of the Theme

The increasingly perfected training methods, the innovations brought by coaches
and players in the technique and tactics of the game, the appearance, modification and
completion of the game rules, have produced transformations in the content of the game
...

Numerous specialists in the field have dealt with and are dealing with the
problems of current handball, such as increasing the effectiveness of the attacking phases,
improving the constantly decreasing finishing
...

The game of handball requires a complex manifestation of all physical qualities,
an infinity of skills, of motor skills that represent the basis of technical procedures, a deep
thinking doubled by fantasy for the development of each tactical moment, qualities of
will and theoretical knowledge
...
The players must be
prepared taking into account the characteristics of the game in front of the two goals,
where there is a tough battle, won by the fastest, strongest, most resistant, by the one
whose technical exercises do not become imprecise due to tight spaces and unbalanced
positions due to speed movement, hand-to-hand combat and gradually increasing fatigue
...
Criticism of Specialized Literature

The problem of building models in the game of handball was the concern of
several researchers (Bota I
...
; Teodorescu L
...
Their
research highlights the importance of building game models; they presented the models
of some components of the handball game, including passing the ball, respectively
passing the ball between teammates
...
) who state that the
match consists of halves, the half of game situations, the game situation it consists of
units, and within the unit the category of passing the ball is included
...

With all these beneficial interventions for the understanding of how to build the
models, no author presents the decisive pass, as the last transmission of the ball to the one
who throws the goal, the essential technical characteristics, as well as the frequency of
the execution procedures
...
2
...
2
...

Within sports games and sports considered "contact", handball is considered to be
among the closest to the appreciation of "total contact", obviously achieved within the
limits of the game rules
...

It was thus necessary to carry out a permanent battle between attackers and
defenders, the current characteristic of which is the realization on the entire surface of the
field and for the duration of the entire game
...

The effectiveness necessary to win a game required the display of high precision,
this requires, in addition to a natural background of spatio-temporal perceptions and a
particularly fine kinesthetic sense and a special preparation in order to achieve precision
in the execution of all attack and defense actions, in especially, of throws at the goal from
the action and from 7 m
...

The ability to solve situations in the game, by making optimal decisions at any
moment, in limited conditions of space and time, is based on a fund of high general and
motor intelligence, put into use through a wide range of technical-tactical means whose
effectiveness is conditioned by the quality of the preparation process and its volume
...

The association of the average height and size of the players in the positions with
the special motor qualities as indicators of manifestation has determined the considerable
increase in the problems of selection and preparation, with direct repercussions on the

achievement of the battle between attack and defense, obtaining victory in major
international competitions being conditioned at the moment by the value of position
players, including the quantitative parameters of the anatomical-functional and psychomotor components
At the same time, the increase in the manifestation values of some parameters and
in particular the height and size of the finishing players contributed directly to the general
increase in the value of the game, thus ensuring one of the fundamental requirements in
the relationship between the SPECTATOR PUBLIC - SPORTS COMPETITION,
respectively the spectacularity of the game , in this context, the impressive increase in the
number of spectators at handball competitions is a natural and stimulating consequence
...


-aggressiveness:

In the constant battle between attack and defense, in which the attacking players
generally have the initiative, the defenders seek to reduce the possibilities of
organization, development and completion of the attackers
...

•

from the loss of possession of the ball and the withdrawal in defense, with all its

consequences, during which the state of waiting was predominant, at the present moment
the defense is constituted as a continuation of the attack, starting from the fact that if the
attack constitutes the game phase in which a team is in possession of the ball and attacks
the goal to score goals, the defense is the phase of the game in which the attack against
the ball is carried out in order to gain possession of it
...


- the pace of the game:
From the analysis of the game's statistics, it can be seen that the pace of the game
has constantly increased, a fact highlighted by the frequency of attacks and the number of
goals scored in a game
...

The high potential of the teams, as the sum of the individual values, is valued in
direct relation to the pace of the game
...


- the virtuosity of the technique:
The size of the number of technical procedures, especially in the attack, required a
special preparation to perfect and highlight them in the game
...

The diversity of the methods of passing and throwing at the goal, as well as the
high effectiveness of their use, gives many players the status of virtuosos, an aspect that
has contributed immeasurably to the achievement of a high level of games within the
major international competitions
...

The playmaker, the midfielders, the extremes and the pivots represent the main
positions in the attack, which correspond to the implementation of the defense systems
...


- the game systems and the strategy of their use:
The permanent dispute between attack and defense generated the diversification
of game systems in attack and defense, as well as the strategies for their use during the
course of the game
...


- the fight in front of the gates:

Although the percentage of the effectiveness of shots at the goal in the action has
increased constantly over the years, in relation to the number of possibilities to achieve
them, resistance, skill, quickness, physical strength and the effectiveness of the attacking
and defending actions have become the determining factors in terms of what constitutes
the fight in front of the semicircles
...

The special importance of the fight in front of the semicircles has determined the
specialization of the players in the positions in order to achieve an optimal distribution of
players whose power and efficiency in finishing cover practically the entire area of the
semicircle, starting from 9-10 m from the goal
...

Considering these assessments, the importance of the "science of the game" in
relation to the height and size of the players remains defining, the compensatory aspect
being diametrical:
•

the high value of smaller players is highlighted by remarkable indices of

manifestation of the somato-functional and technical-tactical parameters specific to the
game, especially in attack;
•

the role and value in the team of tall or very tall players, between 200-210 cm, are

highlighted by the remarkable possibilities of finishing in attack and the increase in the
effectiveness of the game in defense
...

In a static sense, the number of goals scored by a team in a game determined by:
•

the number of attacks throughout the entire game;

•

the number of possessions of the ball, resulting from the fact that depending on

the re-entry into possession of the ball after one or more throws at the goal;
•

the number of shots at goal attempted;

•

the number of successful shots on goal
...


- changes to the game rules:
There is a direct relationship between the constant evolution of the value and
spectacular level of the game and the changes made to the rules of the game and its
interpretation, in the sense that the current level at which it is played in the world is a
direct consequence of the changes and modifications of some rules within the rules of the
game FIH
...

These regulations, once established, determined the establishment of strategies in the
preparation of the teams in such a way that, in adaptation to the new rules, the value of
the players and the team would constantly increase
...


II
...
2
...

These trends are predicted according to the orientation, content and training
methodology specific to the best teams in the hierarchies of the major international
competitions
...
3
...

Any sports game can be considered as a hyper-complex system (S), made up of
subordinate elements (E) or subsystems (SS) that act synergistically to achieve welldefined performance goals
...
The elements (E) or subordinate and hierarchical subsystems of the game (J)
are:
E1 = SS1 = Game tactics
...

E3 = SS3 = Physical capacity
...

E5 = SS5 = Theoretical knowledge
...

2
...

What - external connections (among them the External Environment - Me)
...
The 3 sets established (SS + Ci + Ce) act synergistically towards achieving the
finality of the system (the actual game)
...
The purpose of the system is to achieve performance behavior appropriate to
competitive requirements
...
So certain goals are expected in the
game of children's teams, and others for the game teams, youth and seniors
...
Subsystems SS1 (tactics), SS2 (technique) and SS3 (physical ability) can
certainly be considered relatively independent systems, being closely related to the motor
structure and specific demands of the game
...

6
...

Thus, SS1 (tactics) is amplified to the right with SS1
...
2 (defense) – SS1
...
1
...
1
...
(capture
tactics), SS1
...
2
...
1
...
(individual) etc
...
So, we can also "read horizontally" this scheme
...
SS5) vertically prepares much better the
operation of establishing the objectives of the preparation process
...


(Colibaba and Bota)

Example: the connections between attack and defense actions (the strongest); between
SS1
...
1
...
2
...
1
...
and SS4
...
1
...

The training process is modeled after the hyper-complex game model
...
So, the systemic picture of the game content (S) is prepared for the
establishment of operational, intermediate and final instructional objectives
...
)

II
...
The system of reception and transmission of the ball

The presentation of the system of reception and transmission of the ball is
necessary for the orientation of the activity of observing the actions of the game, which
includes the element, called by us, the decisive pass
...

Internal relations refer to the movements from receiving the ball to its transmission,
movements conditioned between them
...


The functionality of our system is determined by the procedures used, the
collaboration between teammates, the direction of the ball transmission as well as other
values (strength of passes, speed of execution, acting forces, etc
...
But all this is not the object of our research, research that focuses on the
passing of the ball to the one who throws at the goal, a passing called by us,
conventionally, the decisive pass
...


Among all these elements, the object of our research is only the passing of the ball
and only the pass transmitted to the one who throws at the goal
...
1
...
Receiving the ball:
3
...
1
...
- catching the ball with two hands: variants depending on height; variants
depending on the direction from which the ball comes
...
1
...
2
...


3
...
2
...
1
...
1
...


3
...
2
...
- handling the ball held in the hand: variants determined by the possibility
of movement of the arm joints; variants determined by the direction of movement of the
arm; arm rotation
...
1
...
3
...

3
...
2
...
– driving the ball: variants determined by height; variants determined by
the number of dribbles (single – multiple); variants determined by direction
...
1
...
5
...

3
...
2
...
– overtaking actions followed by: dribbling; passes; throwing at the goal,
etc
...


3
...
3
...
1
...
1
...

3
...
3
...
– special passes: with support on the ground: from pronation; pushed;
deflected or touched; with two hands; vaulted; ricocheted off the ground (with the
ground); in the air: with the same procedures
...
Throwing at the goal
4
...
– various methods of catching the ball;
4
...
– various methods of throwing at the goal;
The actions that precede the decisive pass were included in the analysis
considering that the position of the body and the arm during these actions determines to
the best extent the procedure of passing (passing the ball)
...
5
...

In absolutely all areas and aspects of the game and training, there are always elements of
progress and improvement, more or less absolute novelties, but also many updates and
adaptations to higher parameters
...

It is certain that the game and training evolve relentlessly with and without us,
which is why it is mandatory to notice and analyze in advance all the aspects and nuances
of this process
...

The main issues that highlight the directions and development trends of the game,
determined by the International Handball Federation by analyzing the game of the teams
participating in the World Championships and the Olympic Games, are the following:
1
...
Individual technique towards perfection and maximum efficiency, at speed and
under the pressure of the opponent
...
The maximum improvement of the specialization on the job, in parallel with the
mobility and effective action on two or three other jobs
...
The variety and mobility of game systems and their organic interaction
...
Psycho-motor, athletic and special preparation at high altitudes under the
imperative of maintaining speed in actions carried out in force
...
Increasing speed of actions and increasing the tempo of the game

1
...
The ever-increasing speed of physical action and technical-tactical manifestation is
already a dominant trend in the individual actions of the players, implicitly determining a
visible increase in the tempo of the game
...
2
...
Clear statistical
data show that finalist teams at the Olympic Games and World Championships scored
between 20 and 30% (minimum 18%, maximum 45%) of goals from such actions
...
3
...

1
...
The third wave, representing a maximum exploitation of the fast attack, is
increasingly used by some valuable teams and is concretely a continuation of the second
phase (the second wave) transformed directly and at speed into a combination
predetermined or spontaneous completion
...
5
...

1
...
The pressure continues, on the opponent in attack, through the fast and permanently
dangerous transition (on the goal) from one action (combination) to another finishing
action, and in defense through the suffocating attack of the opponents almost wherever
they are, up to 10-12 m, today I give dimensions to the game of handball
...

Next, various tactical moments or interests and strategy will dictate the rhythm variations
of the game
...


2
...
1
...
It is
obvious that the imperative to increase the speed of action and the tempo already demand
a perfect technique, both in the handling of the ball and in the procedures of movement
on the field
...

A proof that this is so is the fact that, although the speed of individual action and
the tempo of the game have increased, according to the statistics from the last World
Championships, the number of technical mistakes has decreased
...
2
...

THE BIRD
from continuous running (on the throwing leg);
pushed (without lifting the arm);
with catch and pass from the jump (aerial);
one-handed and two-handed volleyball;
engagement with the ground (soil ricochet)
...

and there would be a series of special throws specific to each position in the field, which
we will return to
...
Only the correct learning and
their maximum improvement, will be able to approach the most sophisticated and modern
procedures on these bases
...
The maximum improvement of the specialization on a parallel position with the
mobility and effective action on two or three other positions
...
1
...
Very specific special procedures and actions have appeared and the
type and actions on the positions are becoming more and more clear
...
2
...

3
...
The role and tasks as well as the range of action of each post has increased
considerably and this will result very well from a brief presentation of the sphere of
action on the post taking as an example the moment of the attack
...
Pivot time fixed at a certain point at 6 am west
...

Today's pivot very often goes out to 9-10 m, to enter combinations on couples
(with the inside or the center) and then returns on the semicircle in other areas
...
He can be any of the 9m players or a winger
...

EXTREMES - The considerable size of the effectiveness in this position is noticeable,
now also from the game in the system (positional) and this is due to the constant search
for perfecting the throws and from smaller angles with special procedures
...


It should also be emphasized that there is no extreme value that does not come
into coverage and score a goal from 9 m, or that does not (sometimes) infiltrate the
semicircle and act as a true pivot
...

Of course, solving the direct counterattack and actively participating in the
unfolding of wave II (phase II) and wave III remained a priority task for both extremes
...

From the exclusively "gunner" midfielders from a fixed distance from their
position, we have reached the versatile player who knows and effectively overcomes with
penetration and dive from 6 m or who infiltrates (sometimes) in the semi-circle and acts
as a true pivot
...

There is even a tendency to achieve the plolivalent player, efficient and effective
on the whole 9 m line (including as a leading center), in addition acting effectively
(temporarily) also as a pivot and even extreme, but this depends on the value of the
respective player
...

Regarding the technique on the post, the players in the 9 m line (including the
center) perfectly master the passing and at least four throwing procedures (two from the
jump and two from the support)
...


THE CENTER - I believe that his main role is still that of the leader (coordinator) of the
game, although some even national teams try in the center with established pivots, and
others with shooting players, coming from somewhat smaller players
...
They often turn into
mobile pivots and can play just as well on either side as an inter
...

The game managers are no longer confined exclusively to the task of organizing
the game, but they are also capitalized on, sometimes with a number of goals almost at
the level of the wholes
...

THE GOALKEEPER – The final tournaments of the World Championships and the great
European competitions proved once more that the teams placed at the top necessarily
have exceptional goalkeepers
...

The improvement of the attackers' game also required for goalkeepers an increase
in technical-tactical mastery and necessarily the necessary support, physical training,
especially relaxation (arms and legs), in general speed in all forms (reaction, movement)
as well as the resistance necessary for optimal performance at optimal speed parameters
...
g
...


4
...
1
...

Exaggerating of course, one would say that there are as many game systems as
there are teams
...
Here, first of all, there
would be the specifics of the respective "national school", then the value, inclinations and
preparation of the own players, but also modeling on the opponent, as well as some
strategy and tactics requirements
...

4
...
The use of several game systems, alternating or not, during a match or even in the
same phase of the game, we can say that it is a somewhat newer element and deserves to
be studied
...

We must not understand from this that a philosophy of tactics has been reached,
especially since paradoxically, at the same time the emphasis falls on a simplification,
with maximum efficiency of each tactical action
...

ATTACK - In the construction of the attack, a certain simplification of the game
is apparently re-emphasized, practically originating from a more efficient organization

and adaptation to the increasingly advanced and aggressive defenses that are practiced
today by most teams
...


-

the collaborative relationship as a couple (of 2 maximum 3 players)
appreciated as the fundamental core of any tactical action and in which
blocking with its derivatives (the departure, the screen, the one-two) is an
essential element, is appreciated as another determinant of the game
...


From here results the apparent simplification of the attacking game in which the
completion (the goal) seems to be the result of solving the 1-1 ratio, or of the couple
relationship in two, or of the penetration without the ball
...
Moreover, all basic
individual and collective tactical principles remain perfectly valid, and especially the
fundamental idea of the need to obtain numerical superiority in a sector or point of the
terrain
...

Hence the diversification of special tactics and above all the obligation of
permanent search and the use of elements of surprise, if possible different ones for each
opponent
...

Most teams start in idea and conception from the 3-2-1 defense system, which
they adapt and interpret depending on the opponent, their own specifics and possibilities,
but also their interests (score, qualification) and various tactical moments
...
It can be said that the defenses are no longer rigid in a
"graphic" formation and viewed from above their mobility and change is evident, easily
moving from 6-0, 5+1, 4+2 and 3-2-1
...
with a pronounced offensive-aggressive-advanced character, both in the system of the
team as a whole and in all individual technical-tactical actions (of each individual player),
b
...
the increasingly elaborate and precisely developed nature of the mechanisms of the
defense systems;
d
...
the use, as an element of surprise or adaptation, in alternation of several systems or
variants in the same match or even in the same phase of the game
...

Taking into account these trends in the evolution of the defensive game, we must
also note:
a
...
direct contact with the adversary is almost permanent and increasing in severity and
force of engagement;
c
...
the technical-tactical knowledge of the defender has increased a lot
...
6
...

However, the concept of the game must be seen in continuous motion and
necessarily periodically updated in relation to the evolution of the game and taking into
account a whole series of considerations
...

Based on these studies and analyses, we developed an update of the game
concept, which can and should represent firm points of orientation in the methodical
thinking of all coaches from mini-handball to national teams
...
We must
give up the passive way of playing, retreating with our heels on the
semicircle waiting for possible mistakes of the opponent
...
The development of circulations and combinations must be
prevented in time, even at the cost of some game feints and this, we repeat, from the prefinalization phase
...
In case of
failure, the defense pressure must be actively continued on the development of the fast
attack (phase II) in the middle of the field or in the pre-finishing zone (wave III)
...

Body contact is rough but without unsportsmanlike conduct and most often takes
place at increasing distances from one's own half-circle, even in the areas where the game
is organized 9-12 m from the goal
...

Compared to these basic requirements, it is absolutely necessary to give a much
greater weight in training to the defense phase, going so far as to design every exercise
including the defense phase as well
...

In this sense, the entire technical-tactical ABC of the defender should be relearned
and perfected and emphasis should be placed on everything that ensures the resolution of
the "one to one" ratio (1-1) in his favor more and more frequently and decisively in game
...
The defensive game of our teams must be
much more mobile and elastic
...


It is clear that the imaginary triangle or quadrilateral on which a defender moves
today has a side of 3-4-5 m, and in fact it is a continuous zigzag and back-and-forth with
rough contact and fierce fighting at every breaking point of the lines
...

The principle of achieving numerical superiority in the attacking zone with the ball not
only remains perfectly valid, but even comes to the fore in advanced defenses
...

At the same time, even greater attention must be paid to the defense game (surveillance)
on the attackers without the ball, constantly preventing their movement, braking their
entry into combinations, promptly closing possible penetration colors or accompanying
them as long as necessary
...
firm and anticipated attacking until stopping the opponent with the ball;
2
...
careful surveillance and preventing the actions of opponents without the
ball (especially the wingers)
...

-

RATIONAL AND ELASTIC: The game of our teams in defense must be
more and better thought out and elaborated, necessarily organically
assembled, collectively within the mechanism of precisely established
systems
...

Defense requires - not a blind fight - but a rigorous organization with clear and
exact principles and rules, in which the functioning mechanism of the systems is very
well established and respected
...

Starting from the idea that any defense system is theoretically very good, but in
practice it is only as good as how well it is applied and modeled on the opposing attack,
we do not intend to impose a specific one
...

We recommend our teams and coaches to align themselves with these trends by
especially preparing the 3-2-1 system, first in its classic form, then adapting it - if
necessary - to specific conditions in relation to the value and inclinations of their own
players, opponents or certain conditions of strategy and tactics
...

In addition, a value team must be able to change its defense system easily during a
game and sometimes even in the same attacking phase of the opponent
...


CHAPTER III – RESEARCH ORGANIZATION

III
...
The purpose of the work

The aim of this paper is to determine some elements of the handball game that are
contained in the game model and aim to guide the prospective training of the handball
teams
...


III
...
Research tasks

-

Analysis of the data contained in the specialized literature
...

-

Recording the technical procedures used in the decisive pass
...


-

Discussion of the obtained data
...


-

Formulation of conclusions
...
3
...
The analysis of the competitive game at the level of representative senior teams of
countries, could lead us to build a model of the actions of passing the ball to the player
who throws at the goal
...
The content of the competitive game can channel us towards determining the main
passing procedures and their frequency in the representative teams of the countries
...
The current competitive game could reveal to us a new ranking of the weights of the
procedures for the decisive pass
...
4
...

Thus, data were studied and extracted from 12 works, of which 4 local and 8

works by foreign authors
...

The data obtained through observation were centralized and statistically and
mathematically processed as shown in the attached tables
...
5
...

The observations were made during the European Men's Handball Championship
on February 4 and 5, 2006: Romania and Lithuania in the qualification competition for
the European Championship, and France and Spain in the final of the European Men's
Handball Championship
...

The matches were watched in their entirety on television
...
1
...


For an interpretation as close as possible to the concrete content of the handball
game, the passing procedures, called "decisive passes", were classified from two points of
view:

a - from the point of view of the fundamental elements of passing the ball, the
procedures were classified into three groups:
- the group of thrown passes;
- the group of passes launched;
- the group of special passes
...


The group of thrown passes includes:
- the pass thrown with one hand over the shoulder from support on the
ground;
- the pass thrown with one hand over the shoulder from the jump;
- the pass thrown with one hand over the shoulder with a ricochet from the
ground, from support on the ground
...


The group of special passes includes:
-

the pass pushed with one hand from support on the ground;

-

the pass pushed with one hand from the jump;

-

the pass pushed with one hand with a ricochet off the ground;

-

pass from pronation with support on the ground;

-

pass by volleying with support on the ground;

-

pass by volleying from the jump;

-

other situations
...
2
...
1 shows that in a match, a team makes, on average, 44
...
Distributed among the 4
representative teams of the countries, the decisive pass had the following frequency:
Romania 51 executions; Lithuania 41 executions; France 37 executions and Spain 47
executions
...

The distribution of decisive steps by fundamental processes is as follows:
-

thrown passes with an average of 22
...
70%
...
25 executions per match by a
team, which represents only a percentage of 7
...


-

special passes with an average of 18 executions per match by a
team, which represents a frequency percentage of 40
...
70%), a fact that we
attribute to the simplicity and naturalness of the throwing movement, a procedure that is
generally used mainly throughout the game
...
90% frequency, procedures that
ensure surprise and at the same time the efficiency of passing the ball to the player who
throws at the goal
...
38%) due to
movements that are too slow and can be easily anticipated by the opponent
...
4%, Spain 55
...
9% and Lithuania 41
...

The situation of special passes is very similar in frequency on the four
representative teams of countries: Lithuania 41
...
1%, France 40
...
4%
...

Passes launched, with an average frequency of 7
...
25%, Romania in proportion 7
...
0%
...
3
...
2 it follows that from 44
...
75 goals were scored on average, which represents an efficiency
percentage of 40
...
By country, the efficiency of shots on goal preceded by assists is:
Lithuania 43
...
5%, Spain 40
...
2%
...
44% in the case of
special passes, 38
...
76% in the case of the use of
launched passes
...
This fact is due to the technical mastery
reached by the members of the national teams mentioned above, which ensures a more
surprising employment of the player who throws at the goal, especially for the semicircle
players
...

In the case of thrown passes, the efficiency is 52
...
4% for the French team, 38
...
0% for the Romanian
team
...
5% for the Romanian team,
41
...
8% for the Spanish team and 33
...

In the case of passes launched, the efficiency of 30
...


IV
...
The technical characteristics of the decisive pass

The technical characteristics of the decisive pass in the game of handball are
presented from three points of view:

-

from the point of view of arm and hand action;

-

from the point of view of movement in the field;

-

from the point of view of frequency and efficiency
...


From the point of view of movement in the field, the procedures used as decisive
passes include:
-

the pass executed from the spot;

-

the pass executed from running;

-

the pass executed with changed steps (added steps, crossed steps,
skipped step);

-

the pass executed from the jump;

Combining arm and hand actions with movement on the court gave rise to the
following 24 passing procedures that were used as decisive passes:
table no 3
-

the pass thrown from the spot;

-

thrown pass with changed steps;

-

the pass thrown from running;

-

the pass thrown from the jump;

table no
...
6
-

the pass launched with a lower hand forward from the spot;

-

the pass launched with one hand through the side after the
opponent with changed steps
...
5
...
3 shows that the representative teams of Romania, Lithuania,
France and Spain used in one match a total of 91 thrown passes distributed among four
technical methods
...
77%, of which 8 goals are scored, which represents an
efficiency of 44
...

- The pass thrown with changed steps with a total of 41 attempts which represents
a frequency percentage of 45
...
02%:
- The pass thrown from the run with a total of 14 throws, which represents a
frequency of 28
...
57%
...
78%, of which 7 goals are scored, which represents an
efficiency of 38
...

The highest frequency is passes executed with changed steps with 45
...
78% and passes from
jumps with the same frequency
...
38%
Regarding the efficiency of shots at the goal that were preceded by a decisive
pass, the highest efficiency of 44
...
02 %; the passes thrown from the jump with an efficiency of 38
...
57%
On representative countries, the situation is very close regarding the frequency of
thrown passes with changed steps: Romania 42
...
1%, France 50%, Spain
46
...
Regarding the efficiency of shots at the goal after a thrown pass, the situation is
different: Romania has the highest efficiency of 33
...
% in the procedure of the thrown
pass from the spot; Lithuania has the highest pass efficiency of 75%; France has the
highest efficiency of 60% in the pass thrown from the jump; Spain has the highest
efficiency of 50% in the thrown pass with changed steps
...
6
...
5 includes separate data for the procedures classified
according to the action of the arm and separate for the movement in the field
...
16%, of which 9 goals are scored which represents
an efficiency of 42
...

In second place is the ricochet pass from the ground with 19 attempts, which
represents a frequency percentage of 26
...
39%
...
44%, 6 goals are scored, which represents an efficiency
percentage of 42
...

On the fourth place is the ricocheted pass from the ground with 11 attempts,
which represents a frequency percentage of 15
...
36%
...
55% and an
efficiency of 50% and the volley pass in sixth place with a frequency of 4
...
66%
...

At the same time, if we separate the passes sent to the player who throws at the
goal with ricochet from the ground, the procedure has a frequency of 40%, which means
that this procedure is generally in second place
...
48%
...
50%
...
33%, namely:
-

pronation pass with changed steps;

-

the pass pushed directly to the teammate from running and

-

the ricocheted pass from the ground executed on the spot
...
55%, namely:
-

the pronation pass from the spot;

-

the pass from pronation from running;

-

the ricocheted pass from the ground with changed steps;

-

the pass thrown with a ricochet from the ground while running;

In fifth place are four procedures with 3 attempts each, which represents a
frequency percentage of each of 4
...

Next comes the volley pass from the spot and the back pass with changed steps,
each having two attempts, which represents a percentage of 2
...

Finally, there are three procedures with one attempt each, respectively with a
frequency percentage of 1
...


From the above it follows that within the special passes, the movement on the
field is in proportion 43
...
38% the
executions are from the spot, in proportion 25
...
57% the procedures are executed from the jump
...

In order of frequency, Romania uses the following special technical procedures
for passing the ball as a decisive pass:

1
...
28%, efficiency
66
...
- push pass with ricochet from the ground with changed steps: frequency
of 14
...
66%;
3
...
52%, efficiency 50%;
4
...
52%%, efficiency 50%;
5
...
52%,
efficiency 50%;
- the other special procedures for passing the ball included in table no
...
76% each; some procedures are not used at all
...


- the pass pushed from the spot directly to the teammate who throws at
the goal: frequency of 23
...


- the pass pushed from running directly to the teammate who throws at
the goal: frequency of 17
...
66%;

3
...
64%, efficiency 33
...


- the pass thrown from the spot with a ricochet from the ground:
frequency of 11
...
4
have a frequency of 5
...


In order of frequency, France uses the following special technical procedures of
passing the ball as a decisive pass:
1
...
33%;
2
...
33%, efficiency 50%;

3
...
33%, efficiency
50%;
- the other special procedures for passing the ball included in table no
...
66% each; some procedures are not used at all
...
- push pass with ricochet from the ground with changed steps: frequency
of 15
...
66%;
2
...
52%, efficiency 100%;
3
...
52%, efficiency 50%;
4
...
52%, efficiency 50%;
5
...
52%, efficiency 50%;
6
...
52% frequency, 50%
efficiency;

The data presented on representative countries show that although special passes,
in general, have a close frequency, between 40
...
4%, in other words all teams use
special passes as a decisive pass, when we refer to the concrete procedures of execution
of special passes, important differences appear:

a- from the point of view of the action of the arm and hand: Romania mainly uses
the pronation pass and the pushed pass; Lithuania mainly uses the pushed pass; France
mainly the pushed pass and the pass from pronation; Spain uses the pushed pass, the
thrown pass and the pronation pass equally
...
86%; followed by Romania with a frequency percentage of 23
...
00% and Lithuania with a frequency
percentage of 11
...


b- from the point of view of movement on the field, the situation on representative
teams of countries looks like this (table no
...
60%; France with a frequency of 46
...
82% and
Lithuania with a frequency of 17
...
04%, Lithuania with a
frequency of 17
...
52%; France with a frequency of
13
...

- passes executed on the spot are used mainly by Lithuania with a frequency of
35
...
52%
...
32% and Romania in
proportion of 4
...


IV
...
The frequency and efficiency of passes used as a decisive pass

In table no
...
23% of the
total number of passes launched, 2 goals are scored which represents an efficiency
percentage of 22
...
This procedure is used in proportion of 71
...

- the pass launched with one hand through the side after the opponent, with steps
exchanged with a total number of 4 attempts, which represents a frequency of 30
...
This procedure is used in proportion of 50% by Spain, in proportion of
28
...

If the total number of passes launched within the fundamental procedures
represents a frequency of 7
...
11%;
- the pass launched with one hand through the side after the opponent with
changed steps with a frequency of 2
...


CHAPTER V – CONCLUSIONS AND PROPOSALS

1
...


2
...


3
...
00 decisive passes, from which
17
...
34%
...
The breakdown by fundamental technical procedures is as follows:
- thrown passes: 22
...
70%; efficiency 38
...
00 executions: frequency 40
...
44%;
- passes launched: 3
...
38%; efficiency 30
...


5
...
78%; efficiency 44
...
05%; efficiency 39
...
38%; efficiency 38
...


6
...

Special technical procedures from the point of view of arm and hand action:
- pronation pass: frequency 19
...
85%;
- the pass pushed directly to the teammate: frequency 29
...
85%;
- ricocheted pass from the ground: frequency 26
...
36%;
- ricocheted pass from the ground: frequency 15
...
36%;
- volley pass: frequency 4
...
66%;

- pass with the hand behind the back: frequency 5
...
05%; efficiency 51
...
38%; efficiency 36
...
33%;
- executions from the jump: frequency: 5
...
00%
...
Within the group of passes launched, two technical procedures are highlighted:
- the pass launched with one hand from the spot: frequency 69
...
22%;
- the pass launched with one hand through the side after the opponent, with
changed steps: frequency 30
...


8
...
29%; efficiency 39
...
68%; efficiency 60
...
11%;
efficiency 44
...
40%; efficiency 50%;
- the pass pushed from the run directly to the teammate: frequency 3
...
33%;
- the pass pushed from the spot with a ricochet off the ground: frequency 3
...
33%;
- thrown pass from the spot: frequency 3
...
33%;
- thrown pass from running: frequency 2
...
00%;
- pronation pass from running: frequency 2
...
00%;

The accumulation of the technical procedures for pushing the ball shows us that
the pushed passes have a frequency of 27
...
00%
...
04% of the total decisive
passes and an efficiency of 43
...


9
...


10
...


TABLE No
...

of
tryfreque
books
ncy
26
50
...

No
...

of
of
of
trytrytryfreque
freque
fre
books
books
books
ncy
ncy
cy
17
41
...
4
26
7
17
...
1

17

41
...
5

19

TOTAL

51

100

41

100

37

100

47

TABLE No
...

trybooks

No
...

No
...

No
...

trybooks

No
...
0

17

9

52
...
4

26

10

38
...
9
37
...
5
41
...
9

0
15
37

0
5
15

0
33
...
5

2
19
47

2
7
19

100
...
8
40
...
3
Procedures of az v raled passes used as a decisive pass

Romania
I'm
not
tryin
g
book
s

E
mp
ty
no

%
freq

Thrown pass
from the spot

6

2

2
...
3

18
...
1

42
...
2

20

2

1

11
...
6

Jump pass

4

1

15
...
5

50

5

3

22
...
3

17

9

100

52
...

3

I'm
not
tryin
g
book
s

The representative team of the country
Lithuania
France
I'm
not
E
% tryin E
%
mp
effe
g
mp
effe
ty
%
ctiv book ty
%
ctiv
no freq
e
s
no freq
e
33
...
5
75
3
1
13
...
2

45
...
1

33
...
3

5

1

19
...

0
45
...
4
Procedures of special passes used as a decisive pass
unfolded
The representative team of the country
Romania
After the
action of the
arm

After the
movement in
the field

I'm not
trying
books

Em
pty
no

%
freq

Lithuania
%
effect
ive

I'm
not
trying
books

Em
pty
no

%
freq

France
%
effect
ive

I'm
not
trying
books

Em
pty
no

%
e
iv

%
freq

On the spot
From
running
With
changed steps

1

1

4
...
88

0

1

0

6
...
52

50

0

0

0

0

1

0

6
...
28

66,66

0

0

0

0

2

1

13
...
76

100

4

2

23
...
5

1

0

4
...
64

66,66

1

0

6
...
52

50

3

1

17
...
33

1
1

1
0

4
...
76

100
0

1
0

0
0

5
...
66
6
...
28

66,66

1

0

5
...
52
0

50
0

1
2

1
1

5
...
76

100
50

0
0

0
0

0
0

2

1

9
...
88

0

1

0

6
...
66

0
1

0
1

0
4
...
66
0

1

1

4
...
9

0
17

0
7

0
100

0
41
...

att
em
pts

em
pt
y
no

%fre
quen
cy

%
effici
ency

On the spot
From running
With changed
steps

4
4

1
2

5
...
55

25
50

6

3

8
...
16
8
...
5
4
...
33

33,33

Procedures of special passes used as a decisive pass
centralizing

Procedures
of special
passes after
arm action

No

...
88
4
...
16

33,33

4

2

5
...
55
2
...
38
1
...
77
1
...
6

Procedures of launched passes used as a decisive pass

Romania

Onehanded
low pass,
forward,
from the
spot
The pass
launched
with one
hand
through
the side
after the
opponent,
with
changed
steps

I'm
not
trying
books

Em
pty
no

3

0

1

0

The representative team of the country
Lithuania
France
I'm
not
tryi
Em
%
ng
Em
pty %
effect boo pty %
no
freq
ive
ks
no
freq

%
effe
ctiv
e

No
...
42

20

0

0

25

0

2

1

28
...
57

0

0

0

0

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1
...
- Education and pedagogy in the operational perspective
...

2
...
- 7 principles of defense
...

3
...
, Cassidy, F
...
Parker Publishing
Company, NY, 1973
...
Aslangic, A
...
CNEFS, CSSP, 1983
...
Astrand, PO- Physical condition
...

6
...
Didactic and Pedagogical
Publishing House, 1979
...
Barani, G
...
- Physical preparation in sports training
...

8
...
- New aspects and specific medical orientations in the development of
strength in women
...
5, 1979
...
Baroga, M
...
- Physical condition and sport
...

10
...
- Information and competence
...

11
...
, Dressing, C
...
- Game theory and the possibilities of its
application in volleyball
...
47, 1975
...
Bompa O
...
Ponto, Constanta, 2003
...
Bota Ioan, "Contributions to programming and directing the dynamics of effort in
the training of handball players", Doctoral Thesis, ANEFS Library, Bucharest,
1994
...
Bota Ioan, "Methods of play and preparation", Sport Turism Publishing House,
Bucharest, 1989
...
Bota Ioan, Bota Maria, "Handball", Sport Turism Publishing House, Bucharest,
1989
...
Bota Ioan, Bota Maria, "Handball, 500 exercises for learning the game", Sport
Turism Publishing House, Bucharest, 1990
...
Brack R
...
350, 351, 352, MTS – CCPS, Bucharest, 1994
...
Carriere L
...
, "Objective analysis and sports activities, volleyball, (basic
principles)", Bucharest, SP Montreal, 1976
...
Cercel Paul, "Motor qualities in handball", Sport Turism Publishing House,
Bucharest, 1975

---