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CHAPTER

1

Electric Charges and Fields

Coulomb’s Law


q1q 2 
1
r, ∈r = dielectric
Force between two charges F =
4π ∈0 ∈r r 2
constant
q1

Equilibrium of Three Point Charges
x
q
r

Q1

q2

Q2

r

(i) Two charges must be of like nature
...


Force on a point charge due to many charges is given by
   
F = F1 + F2 + F3 +
...


Electric Field or Electric Field Intensity
(Vector Quantity)

 F
E = , unit is N/C or V/m
...

y

For a Non-conducting Sphere

E
E

r

R
+

 Er

q
R

P

+

+

+

r
–q

Electric field E =

x

For r ≥ R : E =

1 p 1 + 3cos 2 θ
4π ∈0
r3


Electric field at axial point (or End-on) E =
dipole

™


1 2p
of
4π ∈0 r 3


1 (−p)
4π ∈0 r 3

For r < R : E =

 
Gauss’s Law: ∫ E
...
dA
∫=

1 qr
4π ∈0 R 3

For a Conducting/Non-conducting Spherical Shell

 
Electric flux: φ = ∫ E
...


q
R

+

+

+



For r < R : E = 0

For a Charged Circular Ring

E

V

φ does not depend on the
(i) Shape and size of the closed surface

x

(ii) The charges located outside the closed surface

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