Notesale: Turn your study into money

Document Preview

Extracts from the notes are below, to see the PDF you'll receive please use the links above

---

ORAL COMMUNICATION REVIEWER (1st Grading)
Unit 1: Nature and Elements of Communication
Lesson 1
...

There are 5 key terms that should be defined to fully understand communication:
● Process, System, Symbols, People Interaction, and Meaning
...

- it is not limited to what happens during that single interaction
...

System - It has interrelated parts that affect one another
...

Symbols - a concrete representation or something abstract
- the use of verbal and nonverbal symbols
People Interaction - this involves communicators
- People who simultaneously and continuously send and receive messages at the same time
...

- Communicators create and interpret meaning based on their past experiences, beliefs, values, goals,
self-concept, and cultural orientation
...
2 : Nature of Communication
Communication is a dynamic process
...
It is not fixed but always changing
...

Communication is systemic
...

Communication involves communicators
...

Communication is irreversible
...
You can’t reward it or ask to take it
back
...

- Be proactive by being mindful
...

- Communicators use verbal or nonverbal symbols to express themselves in any way possible
...


-

Communicators create and interpret meanings based on their past beliefs, values, goals, self-concept
and cultural orientation
...
” - David Berlo
Lesson 1
...
4: Models of the Communication Process
A model is a representation of what something is and how it works
...

The communication models can be categorized into 3 types:
● linear models, interactive models, and transactional models
...

1
...

It shows the following elements: source, message, channel, and receiver
...

●

Source - The sender of the message is SOURCE who creates and sends the message to the receiver
...

Factors that may influence the sender are also applicable to the receiver
...

- Attitude - one’s attitude in relationship to the audience, receiver and subject changes the
meaning and consequence of the message
...


- Culture - cultural differences may result in the message being interpreted differently
...
The message can be sent in various forms, such as audio, speech, text, video or other media
...
The
source’s intention is therefore translated into a coded message
...
The message is influenced by:
- Content - the content of the message from beginning to end
- Elements - elements are (non)verbal aspects, such as gestures and signs, that may influence
the message
...
)
- Treatment - treatment refers to the way in which the message is sent, the message’s packaging
- Structure - as the word suggests, the structure of the message refers to the way in which it is
structured
...
This may include text,
language, video, gestures, music, etc
...
The medium must be able to be
picked up by the sensory system of the receiver and may therefore involve vision, sound, smell, taste or
touch
...
In these cases, the transmission of information is assimilated via vision and sound
...
In
a linear communication process, the receiver is always located at the end
...
The same factors
therefore influence this component in Berlo’s SMCR Model of Communication
...


2
...

It includes five components:
● information source, a transmitter, a receiver, a destination, and a noise
...

The concept of noise is added in this model
...

It can be physical, psychological, physiological or semantic
...

○
PSYCHOLOGICAL Noises: thoughts that run through the communicator’s mind during the
interaction that takes his/her attention away from it
...

○ PHYSIOLOGICAL Noises: disturbances within the communicator’s body
■ Example: When having a headache or feeling hungry, the communicator may have the
difficulty
○ SEMANTIC Noises: differences in meaning or interpretation of words or meanings
...

Noise in the communication transaction must be avoided
...
Lasswell’s Model of Communication
● Harold Lasswell (1948) was a leading American political scientist and communications theorist who
advanced one of the earliest models of the communication process
...
The Lasswell model was specifically designed for mass communication
...
According to Lasswell (1948),
communication has three functions:
○ Surveillance of the environment: a function of surveillance such as political leaders and
health officers designed to alert society to the dangers and opportunities it faces
...

○ Cultural transmission between generation: a function carried out by institutions such as the
family, church, school, and community in order to pass down their values, customs, and
traditions to the next generation,

The Lasswell Communication Model consists of the basic questions below, aimed at a component and the
gaining of an analysis
...
The sender can also be an intermediary
...

● What?
○ Component: This is the content of the message or the message that the sender spreads
...

● Which channel?
○ Component:The channel describes the medium or media that is/are used to convey and spread
the message
...

○ Analysis: The media analysis shows which medium is best used to convey a message to the
receivers as effectively as possible
...
With mass
communication, there’s an audience
...

● Which effect?
○ Component: The effect is the result the message leads to
...

○
Analysis: The effect analysis will need to be started beforehand, so the messages can be
aimed at and fitted to the target audience
...
The communication cycle
with the next generation
...
Schramm’s Model of Communication
● Wilbur Schramm

●

Schramm’s First model of Communication: shows the concept of process and interaction in
communication
...


●
●
●
●
●

●

The source is the speaker who encodes the message
...

The common field of experience illustrates the shared meanings that communicators
possess without which communication is impossible
...


Schramm’s Second model of Communication
○ depicts the dual roles of communicators where they can be both senders or encoders and
receivers or decoders
...

○ It also illustrates the circular sequential process in which one person interacts with another who
then send feedback to the first person
...

We don’t just communicate to exchange messages; we communicate to create relationships, form
intercultural alliances, shape our self-concepts, and engage with others in dialogue to create
communities
...
Dunn and Goodnight’s Model of Communication
● Daniel Dunn and Lisa Goodnight (2008) stress the importance of understanding and celebrating
difference as a means to becoming effective communicators
...

● This is an important addition to the model because it allows us to understand how we are able
to adapt our communication—for example, a verbal message—in the middle of sending it based
on the communication we are simultaneously receiving from our communication partner
...

■ MESSAGE: The thought, feeling, or action that is sent with use of symbols or
code systems such as verbal and nonverbal and oral and non-oral
...

● Verbal Messages: composed of words
● Non-verbal Messages: composed of gestures, facial expressions, vocal
inflections, touch and so on
...

■ FEEDBACK: The receiver’s response or his response to the sender’s message
...

● Setting- where the communication occurs and can have a substantial
impact on communication
...

■ NOISE:interference to the communication process
...
It can be internal or external
...
Wood’s Model of Communication
● Dr
...

● Wood observes that communicators may communicate simultaneously instead of taking turns and that
interactive models do not illustrate how communication changes over time as a result of what happens
to people
...
As we meet new
people, encounter new experiences, and grow as individuals, we change in the way we interact with
others
...


3
...


●

Persons A and B are both senders and receivers simultaneously
...

○ A stimulus is reinforced by motivation that defines the value of communication to the sender
...

Hamilton’s concept of frame of reference defined as the communicator's background and experiences,
influences the encoding and decoding process
...

Hamilton also said that the communicators’ frame of reference must be identical for encoding and
decoding
...
In these cases, expect
difficulties in communication
...

Paralanguage (vocal code) – tone of voice, pitch, rate, volume, and emphasis
...

○
To communicate effectively, the sender must send the same message using the 3 codes
...

Channels for communication are selected based on these factor:
1
...
Important messages usually require the face-to-face channel
...
The needs and abilities of the receiver
...

3
...
Messages that are complicated may be
best expressed in a face-to-face interaction wherein all codes are present
...

4
...
Memos, emails, and other written instructions can
serve as permanent records of what was said
...
The cost of the channel
...

6
...
A face-to-face meeting may be formal, but considered
less formal than a memo or a newsletter
...
Through feedback,
communicators learn whether messages sent are interpreted accurately
...

Environment: includes the general atmosphere, location, time, and physical and social surroundings
...

○ The general atmosphere may speak of the overall attitudes and mindset of the communicators
...

○ The time when a communication situation occurs affects its overall outcome
...
Noise
affects how the message is received and interpreted
...


Lesson 2: Verbal and Nonverbal Communication
Verbal Communication
- the use of words or speech in sending messages and transmitting ideas or feelings
- makes use of language/words
Nonverbal Communication
- the act of expressing ideas in ways that do not involve or go beyond using words
...

● Globalization is DIVERSITY - the concept that endures respect, acceptance, and understanding
...

Dimensions of Globalization
1
...
social
3
...
economic
The common thread: They all depend on global communication infrastructure
...

● Through communication with others, culture is created, learned, and shared
...
In turn, our culture influences the way we communicate with others
...

● Some Filipino cultures
- You point with your lips
...

- You use a rock to scrub yourself in the shower
- You scratch your head when you don’t know the answer
- You say ‘brown-out’ instead of ‘black-out’

- You try hard to speak English and when you don’t know what to say next, you say ‘you know…’
Culture
- A system of thinking and acting that is taught by, and reinforced by, a group of people
...

- Culture is passed on: enculturation and acculturation
● enculturation - culture being taught to us
● acculturation - learn from their culture
To engage in intercultural communication, participants should essentially understand the concept of
self-awareness
Self awareness - is essential for better communication with others, especially with those who are different
from you
...
Also, the way you communicate with others is largely
influenced by your view of them
...

● In men-only conversations - some tend to dominate the conversation, and they seldom talk about
their private lives
...

Men
In men-only conversations:
● Assertive and competitive
● Reserved
● Talk about different topics
● Need personal space
● Purpose: To provide information

Women
In women-only conversation
● Polite and affectionate
● Expressive
● Talk about one topic at length
● Intimate
● Purpose: To build or maintain relationship
Mixed Genders

In mixed-gender conversations:
●
●
●
●

Men initiate the interaction
...

Women usually allow an interaction
...

Nonverbal Communication

Example

Gestures

In Bulgaria, nodding is interpreted as saying “no”
whereas in many other countries, it means “yes
...


Touching

Women tend to view touching as an expression of
sympathy or friendship, so they are more likely to

use physical touch (e
...
,hugging,holding hands) with
other women
...

Age
People of different ages of generations may have difficulty communicating with one another
...

Age-related communication also reflects culture
...
In Turkish culture, kissing the right is a common way of greeting the elders
...

● individuals are more likely to interact with others of the same social standing as them
...
This usually arises when the participants engaged in a conversation impose one’s
religious views on others who may not share those views
...


Religion

Beliefs

Jaisim

●
●
●
●

Centered on non-violence
Focuses on asceticism
Practice very strict vegetarianism
The aversion to killing is so central that
practitioners will try to avoid stepping on all
plants and insects
...

Shintoism

●
●

●

●

Devoted to life and embracing humanity’s
innate goodness
The japanese devotion to spirits called the
kami, who are believed to care about
humanity and will bless humans if they
respect and revere them well
Shintoism has more localized rituals
...
They do, however, visit the larger
shrines around Japan during the new year
and other special occasions
...
It coexists
with Buddhism in japan
...

When Melissa saw the florist carrying dandelions instead of carnations, she realized there had been a
communication breakdown
...

- Natalie couldn’t understand the jargon her cousins who grew up in North Carolina used
...

- Joshua used an idiom to express how he felt about Carly guessing the correct answer: “You hit the nail
on the head!”, he said
...

- Although Mariz grew up in the States, she valued her Filipino heritage greatly
...
Language barriers - These manifest when two individuals do not have a common language, have an
unfamiliar accent, or use unfamiliar words or expressions, jargon, idioms
...

b
...
This is also applicable to those who are insensitive to other people’s
heritage
...

c
...

Two students trying to speak to each other over the noise of other people talking and laughing in
the cafeteria
...
Prejudging - This happens when a person believes he or she understands what the speaker means
even before the message is completely expressed
...

A group of male programmers ignoring the instructions of their new supervisor, who is a woman,
even though her new coding methods are actually effective
...
Information overload - This happens when one gives too much information at a time
...

f
...

A teenager in the backseat putting on earphones and playing music while his father lectures him
from the driver’s seat
...

Strategies to Avoid Communication Breakdown
1
...

2
...

3
...

4
...

5
...

6
...

Effective Communication
● More than just the transmission of information from one person to another
...

● Enables you to connect better with others, build and maintain relationships, and express
yourself and be fully understood
...
Be focused
● Have a specific purpose for speaking or listening
...

● If you are the listener,ascertain the speaker’s purpose through his or her verbal and nonverbal
cues
...
Speak Intelligibly
...
Listen with your ears and eyes
...
Pay attention to the speaker’s verbal as well as nonverbal cues
...
Minimize distractions
...


Unit 3 : Functions of Communication
Lesson 1-4: (Retrieved from Google Meet)
Functions of communication
- refer to how humans use language for different purposes
...
Informative
2
...
Persuasive
4
...
Aesthetic function
6
...
Regulation / control
8
...
Informative Function
- communication can be used in giving and getting information
- you provide information to others in various speech situations, such as when delivering an informative
speech, when someone asks for directions, and when getting to know someone or others
...

- Nonverbal messages convey information that is likely more genuine because nonverbal behaviour
cannot be controlled as easily as spoken words
...

● Basic Forms of Information
- Giving information using statements (I have three sisters
...
)
- Getting information using questions (Is it windy outside?, Where is Mrs
...
)
- Getting information using declaratives (I need to understand why you love me
...

- Use variations in speech
...

● Here are some tips for obtaining or receiving information from others:
- Note down important information
...

- Ask for clarification and verification
...
Instructive Function
- many times, older people, people who hold important information, and those in the higher rank
communicate to instruct people on what to do, when and where to do them, and on why and how to do
them
- those who are hierarchically superior in the family, society, organization initiate communication
- For the purpose of informing their subordinates or for the purpose of telling them what to do, how to do
and when to do
...

3
...

- You think of strategies on how to persuade them to change their perspective or opinions and to decide
accordingly
...
Motivation Function
- motivation as a function of communication refers to a person using language to express desires, needs,
wants, likes and dislikes, inclinations, choices, and aspirations
- we communicate to entice and direct people to act and reach their objectives or goals in life
- in the process, we use positive language to make them realize that their actions lead them to
something beneficial for their being
●

Basic Forms of Motivation
- expressing one’s ambition (I dream of…)
- talking about preferences (This is good over the other)
- ordering in a fast food restaurant (I want…)
- asking for milk (Can i…)
- making petitions
...
It increases productivity
...

b
...
When a person is motivated, he or she feels a sense of personal
achievement, which contributes to his or her confidence in achieving a goal
...
Needs:
● This can be determined easily in any communication process
...
In communication, needs as a motivation are evident
when you want to attain something
...
Behavior
● The society in particular culture sets standards and norms when it comes to communication
...

● As such, when you talk, you are motivated by what you will get in return, be it praise or criticism
...
Another example of using communication for motivation is when you engage in introspective
encouraging self-talk “talking to one’s self” (or by examining your own thoughts)
● When faced with a difficult situation or when you have just experienced something upsetting
...

● Verbal cues such as “You can do this,” “If anyone can do this, you can also,” “I believe in you,”
“You already have the right skills for this,” or “You are competent for this” may be used for
motivation
...
An individual may communicate within himself if he uses
intrinsic motivation
...
Aesthetic Function
- We use communication for pleasure and enjoyment
...

- Knowledge of aesthetic communication enhances the ability to understand and interpret messages
conveyed in cultural life, the media and between people
...
An example of the
word aesthetic is to say…
● a particular car is beautiful
6
...

- according to the Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology at the University of Glasgow, there are (4)
four basic human emotions
● happy: content, pleased, delighted, or excited
● sad: despair, sorrow, loss, hopelessness, disappointment, or even depression
● angry: intense frustration
● surprised: shock or amazement
● afraid: disgusted
7
...

■ Get a chair
■ Take a seat
■ Run
○ Rhetorical Questions
■ Why don’t we go to the lobby now?
■ Can you pass the salt?
■ Can I have a moment of silence?
○ Statements or Declaratives
■ I want to be alone
...

● Nonverbal Cues
○ Eye contact
■ When the speaker looks at the listener, the speaker is signaling that he or she requests
feedback or wants the listener to take the floor
...

■ When the speaker looks away or avoids eye contact with the listener who wishes to take
the floor, the speaker is suppressing the listener’s attempt to take the floor
...
That means that if anyone behaves in such a way the other one wants it to be, it’s a
behavioral influence
...
Social Interaction
- Social interaction as a function of communication refers to the use of communication to socialize or
interact with other people
...
In social interaction, an exchange takes
place between two or more individuals for social fulfillment
...

● Basic Form of Social Interaction
- Invitations
- Greetings
- Appreciations
- Encouragement
- Marriage proposals, etc
...

● It helps us examine what we know about ourselves as people react to what we say and do
...

● Most relationships are nourished and deepened when the communicators willingly share their thoughts
and ideas
...
Such efforts lead to more meaningful relationships
...
To inform, to persuade, and to
promote goodwill with the other people inside the organization ( employees, staff, and leaders)
and with the people outside the organization - their clients and customers

---