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ANGINA
PECTORIS

What is Angina Pectoris?
▪ Angina pectoris, commonly referred to as angina, is a medical
condition characterized by chest pain or discomfort
...
The most common underlying cause is atherosclerosis, a
condition characterized by the buildup of fatty deposits (plaque) on
the arterial walls
...


Symptoms:
▪ Common triggers of angina episodes include physical exertion,
emotional stress, exposure to cold temperatures, heavy meals,
and smoking
...
Angina can be stable or unstable, depending on the
frequency, severity, and predictability of symptoms
▪ Chest pain or discomfort
▪ Shortness of breath
▪ Fatigue
▪ Nausea and dizziness

Causes:
▪ Coronary artery disease (CAD)

Other factors:

▪ High blood pressure (hypertension)

▪ High cholesterol levels, especially elevated low-density
lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and low levels of highdensity lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol
▪ Smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke
▪ Diabetes mellitus
▪ Obesity or overweight
▪ Lack of physical activity

Other conditions and factors that can contribute to
angina include:
▪ Chronic kidney disease
▪ Anemia (reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the
blood)

▪ Thyroid disorders (e
...
, hyperthyroidism)
▪ Cocaine use or other stimulant drugs
▪ Coronary artery inflammation or infection (rare)

▪ Unhealthy diet rich in saturated fats, trans fats, and
refined carbohydrates

▪ Family history of heart disease
▪ Age (risk increases with advancing age)
▪ Spasms of coronary arteries

It is important to note that angina can be a warning
sign of underlying heart disease, particularly
coronary artery disease
...
The most common stress test is the
symptoms, including the nature of chest pain or discomfort, its
exercise stress test, where you walk on a treadmill or ride a
frequency, duration, triggers, and alleviating factors
...
If you are unable to exercise, a medication
cardiovascular conditions, risk factors (such as smoking, high
(chemical) stress test may be conducted, which involves the
administration of medications to simulate the effects of
blood pressure, high cholesterol), and family history of heart
exercise on the heart
...

▪ Physical examination: A physical examination will be conducted▪
to assess your overall health and cardiovascular status
...

▪ Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG): An electrocardiogram records
the electrical activity of your heart
...


Echocardiogram: An echocardiogram uses sound waves
(ultrasound) to produce images of the heart's structure and
function
...


▪ Coronary angiography: Coronary angiography is an invasive
procedure that involves the injection of a contrast dye into the
coronary arteries
...


▪ Cardiac CT scan or MRI: These imaging techniques can provide
detailed images of the heart and its blood vessels to assess the
presence of plaque, blockages, or other abnormalities

Treatment:
Lifestyle modifications:
▪

Regular exercise: Engaging in a structured exercise program, such as walking
or cardiac rehabilitation, can improve cardiovascular health, reduce angina
symptoms, and enhance overall fitness
...
It relaxes and widens the blood vessels, improving blood
flow to the heart and relieving chest pain
...


Heart-healthy diet: Following a balanced diet low in saturated and trans fats,
cholesterol, and sodium can help manage angina and reduce the risk of
cardiovascular events
...


▪

Beta-blockers: Beta-blockers decrease the heart's workload by reducing heart
rate and blood pressure
...


▪

Smoking cessation: Quitting smoking is crucial, as smoking damages blood
vessels, accelerates atherosclerosis, and worsens angina symptoms
...


▪

Stress management: Employing stress reduction techniques, such as deep
breathing exercises, meditation, and relaxation techniques, can help alleviate
stress and manage angina
...


▪

Weight management: Achieving and maintaining a healthy weight can reduce
the strain on the heart and improve angina symptoms
...


▪

Other medications: Additional medications, such as ACE inhibitors or ARBs (for
blood pressure control) or ranolazine (to reduce chest pain), may be prescribed
depending on the individual's specific needs and underlying conditions
...
It involves the use of a
balloon-tipped catheter to widen the narrowed artery,
often followed by the placement of a stent to keep the
artery open
...

Enhanced external counter pulsation (EECP):
EECP is a non-invasive procedure where cuffs are
wrapped around the legs and inflated and deflated in
sync with the heart's rhythm
...


THANK YOU



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