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Title: Plant Diversity Grade 11 Notes
Description: These notes cover the topic of plant diversity including bryophytes, pteridophytes, angiosperms and gymnosperms, their structures and life cycles and reproduction. At the end, a discriptive table comparing and summarising the properties of all four groups is given. These notes are aimed at Grade 11 students learning about plant diversity as well as Grade 12 (matric) students revising the topic.
Description: These notes cover the topic of plant diversity including bryophytes, pteridophytes, angiosperms and gymnosperms, their structures and life cycles and reproduction. At the end, a discriptive table comparing and summarising the properties of all four groups is given. These notes are aimed at Grade 11 students learning about plant diversity as well as Grade 12 (matric) students revising the topic.
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Plant Diversity
Plant
Diversity
Plant diversity Page 1
Basics
DID YOU KNOW?
Four main groups:
It is thought that all modern plants
originated from algae
• Bryophytes
• Pteridophytes
• Gymnosperms
• Angiosperms
-----------------------------------------------------------
Plants are divided
into these groups
according to:
1
...
Their dependency on water
Note
When talking about plant diversity
we deal with the Kingdom Plantae
...
Multicellular
2
...
Have a cellulose cell wall
4
...
Gametophyte generation (sexual and produces gamete)
2
...
Ploidy: number of chromosomes in a cell
...
• Haploid cells contain only one complete set (n) of chromosomes
i
...
a haploid cell has half the number of chromosomes as diploid
cells
...
Plant diversity Page 5
Bryophytes
mosses
Made up of three groups:
• Mosses
• Liverworts
• hornworts
liverworts
Structure:
Tiny plants which usually grow together
to form soft green mats
...
Their body structure is known as a
thallus (it does not have true roots,
stems and leaves)
It has leaf-like and stem-like structures
...
Most of its life is spent in the haploid
gametophyte state but on the thallus
there are separate male and female
branches which contain the reproductive
structures
...
The sporophyte develops on the
gametophyte and is dependent on it
...
The spores form in the sporangium which
eventually dries out and releases the
spores
...
A new plant, representing the
gametophyte generation, develops
...
This structure forms a
capsule in which spores are produced by meiosis
...
Plant diversity Page 8
Pteridophytes
Structure:
Ferns are a more advanced group than the
mosses
...
They grow in shady places and have less
dependency on water than the mosses
...
They have rhizomes (underground stems
with true roots coming off them)
...
The fronds ( compound leaves) have
reproductive structures known as sori
(singular: sorus) underneath them
...
The sporangia produce spores (n)
by meiosis
which are released and dispersed
by the wind
...
The prothallus has male organs
(antheridia), female organs
(archegonia) and rhizoids which anchor
it in the soil
...
In summary:
sperm swim from antheridia to archegonia
Reproduction is therefore still dependent on water
...
Plants in this group produce a seed which is able to survive harsh
conditions to ensure the survival of the species
...
Gymnosperms (naked seeds)
2
...
g
...
The male cones produce pollen by meiosis
which is released into the air
...
A seed then develops on the open scale of
the female cone — NO FRUIT IS FORMED!
When it is ripe, it is blown out by the wind
Plant diversity Page 13
The seed is not enclosed in
a fruit like Angiosperm
seeds
...
Spermatophytes - Gymnosperms
Note the difference between the male and female cone
male
female
Plant diversity Page 14
Spermatophytes - Angiosperms
These are the most abundant and advanced group of
land plants
...
They have true roots, stems and leaves with vascular
and strengthening tissue, and they produce
reproductive structures called flowers which are
highly specialized organs of sexual reproduction
...
The ovary develops into a fruit
...
Monocotyledonous plants (monocots)
e
...
grasses, maize, sugar cane, tulip, onion
2
...
g
...
Vascular bundles scattered
in ground tissue
...
Vascular bundles arranged in circle in
stem
...
cannot be distinguished
...
Floral parts in multiples of 3
...
Ovary has 3 chambers
(locules)
...
The pollen grain forms a pollen tube which extends down the style and fertilizes an
ovule within the ovary – the fertilised ovule becomes a seed
...
g
...
g
...
This fruit aids in the dispersal of the seed which is one of the main reasons why this
group of plants is so successful
...
Absent
Spores
(Haploid)
None
(produces mosses so
some can survive)
Water needed for fertilisation
...
Covered seeds are
then produced)
Plant diversity Page 18
No water needed for fertilisation
Title: Plant Diversity Grade 11 Notes
Description: These notes cover the topic of plant diversity including bryophytes, pteridophytes, angiosperms and gymnosperms, their structures and life cycles and reproduction. At the end, a discriptive table comparing and summarising the properties of all four groups is given. These notes are aimed at Grade 11 students learning about plant diversity as well as Grade 12 (matric) students revising the topic.
Description: These notes cover the topic of plant diversity including bryophytes, pteridophytes, angiosperms and gymnosperms, their structures and life cycles and reproduction. At the end, a discriptive table comparing and summarising the properties of all four groups is given. These notes are aimed at Grade 11 students learning about plant diversity as well as Grade 12 (matric) students revising the topic.