Notesale: Turn your study into money

Document Preview

Extracts from the notes are below, to see the PDF you'll receive please use the links above

---

CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS
PERIODIC TABLE: GROUP 14 : NON-METALLIC ELEMENT;
Its VALENCY is 4
STRUCTURE OF CARBON ATOM : 4 electrons in the second shell
...
A major constituent
of most organic matter
...
It is
present in coal, oil and natural gas
...
But due to unfavourable energy
considerations, it cannot gain four electrons by ion formation and hence attain the electronic
configuration of neon
...
However, it can form covalent
bonds by sharing these four electrons
...
Carbon can
combine with itself and other elements in
many ways
...


OCTET: The possessing of 8 electrons in the
outermost shell of an atom to make the shell
fully filled is called as octet
...


Covalent bonds: A covalent bond is a
chemical bond that involves the sharing of
electrons to form electron pairs between
atoms
...
The stable
balance of attractive and repulsive forces
between atoms, when they share electrons, is
known as covalent bonding

NATURE OF BOND FORMED IN
CARBON: COVALENT BOND

LET ME UNDERSTAND
...
It also has the property of self
combination i
...
bond formation with the other carbon atoms
...
This property is known as Catenation
...


•

Catenation is the ability of an atom to form bonds with other atoms of the same element
...
Compare the ability of catenation of the two elements
...

Ans
...
But compounds made with silicon are more
reactive and less stable
...
Thus, we can say that carbon shows
better catenation than silicon
...
Explain in brief two main
reasons for carbon forming a large number of compounds
...
Losing or gaining 4 electrons is not possible due to energy considerations, hence it
shares electrons to form covalent bonds

•

Two reasons for large number of carbon compounds:
1) Catenation: The unique ability of carbon to form bonds with other atoms of carbon giving rise to
long chains of different types of compounds
...


•

Carbon forms strong bonds with most other elements because of its small size which enables the
nucleus to hold on to the shared pairs of electrons strongly
...
organic chemistry
...
e
...

Allotropic forms of CARBON :

•

Graphite , Diamond and Fullerene

Diamond:

In a diamond crystal, each carbon atom is linked to four other carbon atoms by covalent
bonds in a tetrahedral fashion
...
Hardest natural substance know is Diamond next
is SILICON CARBIDE which is also CARBORANDUM, it is but synthetic one
...
But diamond is a good conductor of heat
...
Thus, it can easily dissipate the heat energy released by friction when it is used as an abrasive
...
(ii) It is also employed in
instruments used for cutting of glass and drilling of rocks
...
Beautiful ornaments are
made with diamonds
...
5) makes it very brilliant when it is properly
cut and polished
...

•

Lighter than diamond, smooth and slippery to touch
...

A crystalline solid
...

Non-inflammable
...

Graphite is used in pencils, lubricants, crucibles, foundry facings, polishes, arc lamps,
batteries, brushes for electric motors, and cores of nuclear reactors
...
1 Both graphite and diamond contain only carbon atoms, then why do they exhibit different properties?

Ans
...
It

forms a tetrahedral arrangement to create a rigid structure
...

FULLERENES: discovered in 1985 –Robert F Curl, Harold W and Richard E
...


Fullerenes are formed when vaporized carbon condenses in an atmosphere of an inert gas(An inert gas is a gas
which does not undergo chemical reactions under a set of given conditions
...
They are charcoal, coke and carbon black
...
It has a large surface area
...
It is widely used for adsorbing coloured impurities and bad odours from water and other substances
...
It is formed when coal is strongly heated in the absence of air
...


A compound is a material formed by chemically
bonding two or more chemical elements
...


Compounds of Carbon

Carbon is known to form a number of compounds due to the salient properties it carries with itself
...
Such types of
compounds formed by the combination of hydrogen and carbon are known as hydrocarbons
...

IN-ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
They are found in non-living thing
These exist as solids, mainly in minerals
for eg
...
And dissolve in
water but are insoluble in organic solvents
Classify the following compounds as organic or inorganic:
•
•

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
They are found in most of the living thing
These compounds exist in the form of
solids, liquids and gases
Low melting solids or liquids but generally
insoluble in water
...


There are two important oxides of carbon : CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)
CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2)
...

Formed
when
carbon
containing
substances are burnt in excess of oxygen

2C(s) + O2 (g) ⎯⎯→ 2 CO (g)

•
•

It is colourless and odourless gas
...

It is toxic because it reduces the oxygen
carrying capacity of blood by binding with
haemoglobin, the red pigment of blood

•
•

ISOMERISM IN ALKANES
ISOMERS ARE COMPOUNDS
WHICH HAVE THE SAME
MOLECULAR FORMULA BUT HAVE
DIFFERENT STRUCTURES

ALKANES ARE THE SIMPLEST FAMILY OF
HYDROCARBONS
...
EACH CARBON
ATOM FORMS FOUR BONDS AND EACH
HYDROGEN ATOM FORMS ONE BOND

---