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English Grammar
1
SUMMARY
COURSES AND PRACTICES
PRESENT SIMPLE & PROGRESSIVE
...
8
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE & PROGRESSIVE
...
13
INFINITIVE OR GERUND…
...
16
THE FUTURE
...
20
COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS…
...
21
MODALS
...
25
RELATIVE PRONOUNS & CLAUSES
...
27
o PERSONAL PRONOUNS
o POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
o POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
o REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
o RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS
WORD GAME………………………………………………………………………………29
2
THE PRESENT SIMPLE:
Affirmative form
I look
we look
Negative form
Interrogative form
I do not look
we do not look
do I look?
do we look?
you look you look
you do not look
you do not look
do you look?
do you look?
he looks
he does not look
does he look?
she looks they look
she does not look they do not look
does she look? do they look?
it looks
it does not look
does it look?
THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE:
Affirmative form
Negative form
Interrogative form
we are
I am not
we are not
looking
looking
looking
you are
you are
you are not
you are not
are you
are you
looking
looking
looking
looking
looking?
looking?
I am looking
he is looking
he is not
she is
they are
looking
looking
it is looking
they are not
looking
are we
looking?
is he looking?
looking
she is not
am I looking?
looking
is she
are they
looking?
looking?
is it looking?
it is not looking
Present Simple
Uses
Permanent or long-term situations
Facts
Regular activities and routines
3
Feelings
Opinions and states of mind
Timetables and schedules
Examples :
o
The sun rises in the east
...
o
The postman usually comes before noon
...
o
Our plane leaves at 10 PM on Thursday
...
o
We’re introducing new system
o
She’s meeting the CEO at 2 p
...
o
I'm visiting my parents next Sunday
...
(to play)
Who (2)
on the grass? (to walk)
We always (3)
Who (5)
Jim says: "(6)
(to speak) softly while Mother (4)
...
(I, to go)
4
In the winter, the sun (7)
The church bell (8)
(9)
(11)
No, (12)
early
...
(to ring)
(you, to listen) to me? (10)
to repeat myself
...
(I, not, to remember)
; I am awake
...
It is 7
...
M
...
2
...
30 A
...
3
...
(I, to have) breakfast
...
(you, to watch) TV in the evening?
5
...
Quiet, please!
(you, not, to know) how late it is?
7
...
8
...
"
9
...
(someone, to hit) the wall?
(you, not, to understand) what I mean?
CLook! It (to rain)
...
surfing on the internet?
Walter and his sister (to play)
I (not, to want)
chess in their bedroom
...
I can't help you now, I (to garden)
Dan (to wake up)
at 7 everyday
...
She (to read)
How often
...
to the doctor's?
5
THE PAST SIMPLE TENSE:
Affirmative form
I looked
Negative form
we looked
you looked you looked
I did not look
we did not look
you did not look you did not look
Interrogative form
did I look?
did we look?
did you look? did you look?
he looked
he did not look
did he look?
she looked they looked
she did not look they did not look
did she look? did they look?
it looked
it did not look
did it look?
THE PAST PROGRESSIVE:
Affirmative form
Negative form
Interrogative form
we were
I was not
we were not
looking
looking
looking
you were
you were
you were not
you were not
were you
were you
looking
looking
looking
looking
looking?
looking?
I was looking
was I looking?
he was
he was not
was he
looking
looking
looking?
were we
looking?
she was
they were
she was not
they were not
was she
were they
looking
looking
looking
looking
looking?
looking?
it was
it was not
was it
looking
looking
looking?
Past Simple
Uses :
Finished past actions
6
Examples:
usually used with : yesterday, last night, in 1999, 10 years ago…
...
o
I saw that film a long time ago
...
Past Progressive (or Continuous)
Examples :
o
I was watching TV when the phone rang
...
PRACTICE:
Fill in the blanks with the right verbs :
1
...
M
...
(I, never, to visit, Rome) in my whole life
...
When I was a teenager
4
...
5
...
My dog
(I, to play) football every Saturday afternoon
...
(to run away) while I was walking him in the park
...
My keys are missing:
8
...
9
...
(he, to say) "No"
...
The Present Perfect
Uses :
We use the present perfect tense to talk about past actions with present importance
...
Examples :
Look! I've bought a new car
I've read Pickwick Papers
I've been to the doctor's this morning
I have been playing tennis since I was 7 years old
The Prime Minister has met the President
Practice:
Put the verbs between brackets in the present perfect:
1
...
I (to be)
3
...
I (to live)
5
...
Mary (to love)
7
...
He (to arrive / just)
9
...
He (to tidy)
her two years ago
...
you ever (to be)
to Africa?
here since 2000
...
chocolate since she was a little girl
...
...
his room, that's why he can go out with his friends
...
/ I've been reading Pickwick Papers
...
Put the verbs between brackets in the right tense :
1
...
M
...
(I, never, to visit, Rome) in my whole life
...
When I was a teenager
4
...
5
...
My dog
(I, to play) football every Saturday afternoon
...
(to run away) while I was walking him in the park
...
My keys are missing:
8
...
9
...
(he, to say) "No"
...
When I went to the car park, I found that my car
2
...
"Where
4
...
(to live) in Paris for 4 years before he could speak French fluently
...
(I, to learn) English for 5 years now
...
The locals were amazed because
(never, to see) a horse before
...
They wouldn't let him in because
(to forget) his membership card
...
"You can't come in because
(to forget) your membership card
...
(you, to see) the new film by Spike Lee?
9
...
10
...
THE PAST PERFECT ( SIMPLE)
Affirmative form
Negative form
Interrogative form
I had looked
we had
looked
I had not looked
we had not
looked
had I looked?
had we
looked?
you had
looked
you had
looked
you had not
looked
you had not
looked
had you
looked?
had you
looked?
he had
looked
she had
looked
he had not
looked
they had
looked
it had looked
she had not
looked
had he
looked?
they had not
looked
it had not
looked
had she
looked?
had they
looked?
had it looked?
THE PAST PERFECT ( PROGRESSIVE)
Affirmative form
Negative form
Interrogative form
I had been
looking
we had been
looking
I had not been
looking
we had not
been looking
had I been
looking?
had we been
looking?
you had been
looking
you had been
looking
you had not
been looking
you had not
been looking
had you been
looking?
had you been
looking?
he had been
looking
she had been
looking
it had been
looking
he had not
been looking
they had been
looking
she had not
been looking
had he been
looking?
they had not
been looking
it had not been
looking
had she been
looking?
had they been
looking?
had it been
looking?
The past perfect (simple): had + past participle ( see the list of irregular verbs)
The past perfect ( progressive): had + been + verb in -ing form
11
Examples :
o
Ex
...
o
Ex
...
o
Ex
...
Generally it is used to form a link between two passed actions , where one is dated than the other
...
( present perfect)
It was 9 o'clock and I had been waiting for over an hour
...
When I went to the car park, I found that my car
2
...
"Where
4
...
(to live) in Paris for 4 years before he could speak French fluently
...
(I, to learn) English for 5 years now
...
The locals were amazed because
(never, to see) a horse before
...
They wouldn't let him in because
(to forget) his membership card
...
"You can't come in because
(to forget) your membership card
...
(you, to see) the new film by Spike Lee?
9
...
10
...
12
THE INFINITIVE FORM
INFINITIVE
Infinitive (active)
to clean
Infinitive ( passive)
to be cleaned
Past of infinitive ( active)
to have cleaned
Past of infinitive ( passive) to have been cleaned
Simple
Continuous
present
is cleaned
is being cleaned
past
was cleaned
was being cleaned
future
will be cleaned
will be being cleaned
Present Perfect has been cleaned
Past Perfect
had been cleaned
EXAMPLES
Active
Passive
A sees B
B is seen by A
A is seeing B
B is being seen by A
A saw B
B was seen by A
A was seeing B B was being seen by A
A has seen B
B has been seen by A
A will see B
B will be seen by A
13
THE PASSIVE VOICE :
Uses :
Describing actions without saying who does them or describing processes
...
A new office block is being built in the city centre
...
The suspect was questioned before being released
...
Football is played in most countries
...
My car is being repaired
Past simple: Ex
...
My hair was being cut when the accident happened
Present Perfect simple: Ex
...
A new version of Linux will be released soon
Infinitive: Ex
...
My car must have been stolen; it's no longer where I left it
...
Most people like receiving presents
Past gerund: Ex
...
Someone broke into our house last night
...
They cancelled all flights because of fog
...
Millions of people have read that book
...
The police are looking for the missing paintings
...
They should have told him
...
Workmen were cleaning the entry to the museum
...
He invited me to the party
...
They have not opened the doors yet
...
Somebody will deliver the package before 9 o'clock
...
Nobody noticed his mistake
...
You must make a decision
...
2
...
o
It
...
They are looking up the customer's name
...
15
4
...
o
He
that the meeting was at 10 PM
...
We will clean your swimming-pool this weekend
...
6
...
o
this work
...
The windscreen must have been broken by a rock
...
8
...
o
Their
...
We were forced to cancel the trip
...
10
...
o
the champion
...
30
...
m
when is he arriving?
We’re going to open a new sales office in Spain
...
If it’s 11 a
...
in London, it’s 8 p
...
in Tokyo
...
Hypothetical situations
if I were offered a job abroad, I’d take it
...
The market is getting more competitive
...
Comparing three or more things
it’s the cheapest product in the range
...
"
He said (that) Mary was happy
...
"
"I am going to buy a car
...
"
"I have lost my watch
...
He said (that) he was going to buy a car
...
Note: would est le prétérit de will
...
The majority of modals (could, might, must, ought, should, would) remain inchanged in the reported
speech
...
19
Study these examples:
Direct statement
Reported speech
I didn't go to school
on He said he hadn't gone (ou didn't go) to school
Thursday because there was a on Thursday because there had been (ou was) a
train strike
...
Direct statement
Reported speech
"Diamonds are more expensive He said (that) diamonds are (ou were) more
than pearls
...
"Computers have gone down in He said (that) computers have (ou had) gone
price
...
Direct statement
Reported speech
"France is bigger than Canada
...
"Ireland
have
never
England at rugby
...
Direct statement
Reported speech
My boss said: "Finish that project by The boss told me to finish the project
Friday
...
She said: "Please be quiet while the
She asked me to be quiet while the
baby is asleep
...
He said: "Can you pass me the salt?"
He asked me to pass the salt
...
"I am tired
...
"We often play tennis
...
"I have two children
...
"It is raining outside
...
"I bought her a present
6
...
"
8
...
"
9
...
"
10
...
"
Find the reported speech of the following sentences:
1
...
"
He said that
2
...
"
He said that
3
...
"
He said that
4
...
He
5
...
He
6
...
"
He said that
7
...
He said that
21
8
...
He
9
...
He said that
10
...
"
He said that
MODAL VERBS :
Modal verbs are special help verbs
...
Most modals have more than one use:
Verbs
Examples
Uses
Can
can I use your phone?
Permission
Can you quote me a price for CIF New York
requests
Passengers can take a small bag onto the plane with them
possibility/ability
I can’t find my boarding card
inability
could I interrupt a moment?
Permission
Could you speak up?
Requests
We could ask for volunteers
suggestions
May
may I borrow your car?
Permission
Might
it might be possible to reduce the price
...
Predictions
would you speak more slowly please ?
requests
What would you like to drink ?
offers
Would like to come to a party ? I’d love to
...
Recommending
action
The government should increase taxes on petrol
...
You
tell her! (prohibition)
2
...
(Permission)
3
...
They
5
...
(possibility/ability)
give you that book! (refusing)
ADJECTIVES :
adjective + V-ing
nom + V-ed
adjective + nom + -ed
nom + nom + -ed
adverb + V-ed
good + to look good-looking
That horse looks good
...
chocolate + to chocolate-
This sweet has been coated in chocolate
...
red-haired
That girl has red hair
...
red + hair + ed
iron + fist + ed
iron-fisted
well + to dress well-dressed
His fists are like iron
...
She dresses well
...
23
Find the compouned adjective:
1
...
She's a
girl
...
The discussion has been going on for some time now
...
Paul has got blue eyes
...
boy
...
They don't sell new books at that shop, only
ones
...
Marks's sight's not so good; he can only see things that are a short distance away
...
6
...
7
...
He's a
8
...
She's a
patient
...
9
...
10
...
They're usually
women
...
The man who lives here is a scientist
...
The car which is parked outside is new
...
The woman to whom you were speaking is a doctor
...
Ex
...
)
24
'Where'
Ex
...
'What'
Ex
...
Ex
...
PRACTICE:
Fill in the blanks with the following pronouns: (who/whom/which/whose/where)
...
Can you see the woman
2
...
3
...
The teacher,
are engineers, have just invented a new gadget
...
7
...
The hotel in
9
...
The footballers
he had just read
...
5
...
Penny,
is sitting on the bench?
you were speaking is a famous hacker
...
there was a large amount of money
...
25
PRONOUNS AND POSSESSIVES
Personal pronouns
Possessive
subject
complement
Possessive
Possessive
reflective
pronouns
pronouns
adjectives
pronouns
pronouns
I
me
my
mine
myself
you
you
your
yours
yourself
him
his
his
himself
she
her
her
hers
herself
it
it
its
*
itself
we
us
our
ours
ourselves
you
you
your
yours
yourselves
they
them
their
theirs
themselves
Singular he
Plural
Reciprocal pronouns
Mr and Mrs Jones love each other
...
They looked at one another
...
PRACTICE:
Put the right pronoun in the blanks :
1
...
m
...
Liz and Meg were looking at
in the mirror
...
"Give the book to Belinda
...
This house is mine; it's been in
5
...
"
family for centuries
...
26
6
...
7
...
Richard helped Liz look for
"
...
9
...
10
...
The rabbi and
to the crowd
...
12
...
"Get off
! Okay?"
back!" screamed the angry employee
...
Jupiter once changed
into a bull
...
"My husband and
are delighted to accept your invitation
...
"I hope you can come to visit my wife and
", said Mr O'Reilly
...
Yesterday,
(I, to see) a great film on TV
...
It's smoky in here;
3
...
(I, to open) the window?
brothers have you got?
I seen him, I would have told him the good news
...
I don't know his number; I'll look it
6
...
is a policeman, drives a squad car
...
We arrived an hour ago, and
(we, to be) here since
...
house is that on the hill? Is it yours?
9
...
10
...
You
12
...
I don't know
(I, to lie) on the beach sunning myself
...
(=obligation) pay a lot of taxes
...
27
14
...
15
...
I'm an easy-going person, it makes me mad to see so much waste
...
The President
(just, to resign)
...
It's my fault; I blame
...
She's strong, so she'll get
20
...
rain; it's entirely possible
...
you (to smoke)
? No, I
Listen! He (to have)
She (to play)
...
tennis with her brother now
...
When the phone (to ring)
, my mother (to cook)
On Sundays, he (to wash)
his car
...
Every morning I (to get up)
Yesterday Walter (to do)
at 6 o'clock
...
Yesterday while I (to have)
Tomorrow we (to go)
in Paris since 1988
...
he (to buy)
He (to leave)
She (just / to call)
We (to have)
my radio
...
She
(to live)
When
a shower, my father (to repair)
to London
...
this car?
last Thursday
...
an accident while we (to drive)
to Paris
...
cat himself is the washing
2
...
is nearest station the underground where
4
...
cinema going likes Marian the to
6
...
a and at come have here look over this
8
...
do hard is it know to to what
10