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Ruhr-University Bochum
Faculty of Social Science
Chair of International Politics
Seminar: S International Organizations and Club Governance in Contemporary World Politics, WS 22/23
Lecturer: Melis Baydag
Hand-out for an oral examination on 14/03/2023
Feltrin Giorgia 108022239219

CURRENT CHALLENGES TO THE LIBERAL INTERNATIONAL ORDER
A short introduction
For the past years, the LIO has been subject to numerous challenges both from its core, by populist
and sovereign movements in Western countries, as well as from its semiperiphery, by authoritarian
governments
...
In its core, ideologies range from anti-immigration
policy to ultranationalism, anti-globalism and Euroscepticism
...

Research question
Why are anti-establishment movements’ spreading within the European Union?
Theoretical framework – IDEATIONAL LIBERALISM
o

domestic social identities and values are a basic determinant of state preferences, influencing
interstate conflict and/or cooperation

o

territorial integrity, political sovereignty and national security as demands of societal groups
influence geographical borders, political decision-making processes and socioeconomic
regulations

o

societal commitments to particular principles of domestic political order means that social
actors may provide (or not) support to the government in exchange for institutions that align
with their identity and may impose limits on domestic and transnational markets

o

orders coincide with underlying patterns of identity, therefore resulting in possible coexistence
and mutual recognition or greater potential for interstate conflicts, therefore realization of
legitimate domestic political order in one jurisdiction may be a threat to its realization in
others

o

social compromises may be required on immigration, social welfare, taxation, religious
freedom, health and safety, environmental protection, cultural promotion,…

Dependent variable: Anti-establishment movements’ increasing over the years
Independent variables: Sovereign movements and Euroscepticism feelings
Hypotheses
H1: The more the EU avoids easing the burdern on single States – through the
implementation of adequate regulations – the more sovereign movements are expected
H2: The more slow bureucrazy and dependence on foreign imports will continue to affect the
country, the less it will be able to benefit from the EU Recovery Fund

Methodology
Literature on the 2008 Financial Crisis, public statements of scepticism towards the responses;
statistical data on Dublin Rule’s outgoing and ingoing procedures and transfers, comparison to actual
perception of the Migratory Crisis and its handling; literature and news of Euroscepticism and
sovereign movements to analyze BREXIT; literature on EU Law and statistics on Recovery Fund’s
distribution and met goals for each country
Case studies
Case 1: Sovereign and Populist movements in Italy
-

-

-

Financial, Economical And Social Crisis: one of the main failures of the EU, the conditionalities for
neoliberal structural reforms of Greek economy were seen – because of the consequences left in the
country – by many as harsh, including Italy, who was one “weaker” economies affected by the crisis
Migratory Crisis: some governments, including Italy, asked for a more appropriate and fair
redistribution of migrants
...
Migration
flows are also seen as a threat to national identity of single states, by populist movements
No resemblances with BREXIT: Italy has one of the highest public debt, strong regional disparities,
weaker economy (small and low-productivity companies) and highly dependent on European
financing; nevertheless, BREXIT set a precedent for all EU countries
COVID-19 Pandemic: 723,8 billion euro as periodic loans for Recovery Fund, subjected to
conditionalities
...
The reasons, slow bureaucracy,
absence of raw materials’, war in Ukraine and energetic crisis
Conclusion
Hyphotesis 1 – intervening on the current regulations and trying to ease the pressure on single States –
not only Italy – will definitely affect how the phenomenon is perceived by citizens and societies, and
their whole support for international and regional institutions
Hyphotesis 2 – the hyphotesis was possible, however the Italian government failed to achieve the
semesterly goals of the PNRR, whose benefits could have contributed to mitigate the spread and
increasing of populist feelings and ideas, by acting as a deterrent
à The phenomenon at the current time remains one of Constructive Euroscepticism, with direct
opposition to some important aspects of the pursued European integration, but not a real rejection of
its role and membership
References
Adler-Nissen, R
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(2020)
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https://www
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org/core
Asylum Information Database
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The Implementation of the Dublin III Regulation in 2020
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org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/AIDA_Dublin-Update-2020
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(2022, May 10)
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Euroscetticismo,
antieuropeismo, sovranismo: definizione
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Youtube
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be/__QGI1MH8oM
EGA Module
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Europa E Globalizzazione L'età Dei Sovranismi
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[video]
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https://youtu
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(2022, May 17)
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Euroscetticismo e
sovranismo di sinistra
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Youtube
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be/liS8cS9EIa8

EGA Module
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Europa E Globalizzazione L'età Dei Sovranismi
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[video]
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https://youtu
...
Migration and Home Affairs
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Country responsible for asylum
application (Dublin Regulation)
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ec
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eu/policies/migration-andasylum/common-european-asylum-system/country-responsible-asylum-application-dublinregulation_en
Hawkins, K
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& Kaltwasser, C
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(2017)
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https://onlinelibrary
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com/doi/full/10
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12281
Ikenberry, G
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(2018)
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oup
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J
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Bound to Fail
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http://direct
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edu/isec/article-pdf/43/4/7/1844029/isec_a_00342
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(2022)
...

https://www
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it/lavanzamento-del-pnrr-negli-altri-paesi-europei/
Openpolis
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Le scadenze europee del Pnrr per il quarto trimestre 2022
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openpolis
...
The
World Bank Group (WBG), with its many regional institutions, includes more than 20 Multilateral
Development Banks (MDBs)
...

o

o

The AIIB was founded in 2015 with headquarters in Beijing; at the moment it counts 87
member States and shareholders
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5billion
...
The bank's largest
shareholder is China, with $41billion out of the $100billion, while only 5billion derive from
South Africa and 18billion from each of the other three countries
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79%,
NDB -> China 20%, meanwhile each State correspond to one vote
AIIB -> China 26,5%, USA 4,6%

The two largest shareholders of the World Bank are not members of either the NDB or the AIIB,
which means China is enhancing its autonomy from the most powerful competitors
-

World Bank: 189 countries
NDB: China, Russia, Brazil, India, and South Africa
AIIB: 87 countries, including European powers (Germany, France and Great Britain); USA
and Japan are not members

As for population and economic power, both institutions’ member states are country with a large
population and are established or emerging economic powers
AIIB: 78% of the world's population and 63% of the world's GDP
NDB: 41% of the world's population and 25% of the world's GDP
Conclusion

Hyphotesis 1: From an influence-seeking perspective, the enstablishment of the new banks brought
to China opportunities to influence other States, while – according to the distribution of voting rights,
with the USA having three times more shares – in the Bretton-Wood’s institutions China will never
assume a more leading or influencial role
...
The
country did not leave said institutions; instead, the close cooperation of BRICS countries in the
financial and economical sphere, thanks to the enstablishment of the NDB, represents an appropriate
counterweight to the West’s power
è Both the NDB and the AIIB gave China more autonomy and more influence, as a consequence of
the major shares possessed by the country
...
E
...
(2017)
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BRICS Studies and Documents
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gov
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pdf#page=77
Fioretos, O
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C
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Legacies and Innovations in Global Economic Governance since
Bretton Woods
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https://doi
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1080/09692290
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1635513
Lichtenstein, N
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AIIB at Three
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WileyOnlineLIbrary
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org/10
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12703
Liao, R
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Out of the Bretton Woods—How the AIIB is Different
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https://cf
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edu/artcom/social_science/clarkd/upload/Out%20of%20the%20Bretton%20Woo
ds
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Y
...
(2020)
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https://www
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me/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/PEIO13_paper_100_1
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Will the AIIB and the NDB Help Reform Multilateral Development Banking?
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https://doi
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1111/1758-5899
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D
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The AIIB in the Liberal International Order
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https://doi
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1093/cjip/poy021
Tien, N
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et al
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AIIB as a Challenger for IMF and WB
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https://www
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edu/download/63457013/AIJBM0120200528-2566213fbw8i
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H
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Emerging World Order? From Multipolarity to Multilateralism in the G20, the
World Bank, and the IMF*
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https://journals
...
com/doi/pdf/10
...
(2017)
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WileyOnlineLibrary
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org/10
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12396
Wang, H
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The New Development Bank and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank: China’s
Ambiguous Approach to Global Financial Governance
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https://doi
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1111/dech
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(2019)
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New Development
Assistance
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springer
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1007/978-981-13-7232-2_5



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