Notesale: Turn your study into money

Document Preview

Extracts from the notes are below, to see the PDF you'll receive please use the links above

---

Psychology- Forensic psychology
Study online at https://quizlet
...
What is offender A behavioural and analytical tool that is intended to help
profiling?
investigators accurately hypothesise and profile the characteristics of unknown criminals to narrow down the list of
likely suspects
2
...


3
...
what are char-no evidence of planning and so frequently leave the body
acteristics of a
and clues at the crime scene e
...
blood or hair
...

-socially and sexually incompetent, often living alone and
being unemployed
...

5
...
Data assimilation: profiler reviews evidence
main stages in
the construction 2
...
Crime reconstruction: hypothesis in terms of sequence
of events, behaviour of victim etc
1 / 14

Psychology- Forensic psychology
Study online at https://quizlet
...
Profile generation: hypothesis related to offender in
terms of background
6
...
What is the bottom-up approach
to offender profiling?

The bottom-up approach uses no pre-established typology but develops a profile as the crime scene and eyewitness testimonies are increasingly analysed
...


8
...
it has a greater emphasis on scientific
methods of investigation and statistical analysis
- emphasis on the idea of 'interpersonal coherence', which
suggests that the manner in which the offender treats the
victim reflects their interpersonal functioning/understanding in real life
- emphasis of importance of time and place (link to geographical profiling) and forensic awareness (police or
subject to police investigation before)
9
...
This should form a circular shape, where
2 / 14

Psychology- Forensic psychology
Study online at https://quizlet
...

- Offenders can be classified as marauders (carrying out
crimes close to the centre of gravity) or commuters (carrying out crimes far away from the centre of gravity),
according to Canter and Larkin
...
what are the
evaluation points
of the bottom-up
approach of offender profiling?

(+) evidence for investigative psychology: smallest space
analysis of 66 cases, people consistent in behaviour (likely
patterns)
(+) evidence for geographical profiling: smallest space
analysis of 120 cases, spatial consistency
(-) geographical information insufficient, reliant on quality
of data and ignored other factors such as that 75% crimes
are not reported
(-) mixed results: useful in 83% of cases but only lead to
accurate identification in 3% of cases

11
...


3 / 14

Psychology- Forensic psychology
Study online at https://quizlet
...
Outline the historical approach
of the atavistic
form under Lombroso

He suggested that criminals were 'genetic throwbacks', a
subspecies biologically different from non criminals
...
Outline the bio- -offenders lack evolutionary development
logical approach
of the atavistic
-not accustomed to the social norms of normal, civilised
form under Lom- society and so in this sense were more suited for crime
broso
-behaviour is a natural tendency rooted in genes
14
...
What are the fea- -murderers were identified as having bloodshot eyes
tures of other of- -fraudsters had thin reedy lips
fender types that -sexual deviants had glinting eyes
Lombroso has
characterised?
16
...


17
...
com/_eobdlb

explanations of (-) Contradictory evidence, criminals cannot be physically
offending behav- distinguished between 3000 criminals and 3000 non crimiour?
inals
(-) poor control, no control group so various confounding
variables such as poverty, education
18
...

-Adopted children 45% more likely to be at risk of being
criminal if bio moms were criminals
-However, the concordance rates for identical twins is
not 100%, and so this suggests interactionism (diathesis-stress model)
-Candidate genes increase the risk of developing criminal
behaviour: Abnormalities in the MAOA and CDH-13 genes
increase the likelihood of becoming criminal by 13-fold,
with 5-10% severe violent crimes in Finland attributed to
those 2 genotypes

19
...

criminals may have difficulties in regulating their emotions
and so make irrational decisions
...
This may
explain why and how criminals lack empathy towards their
victims
...
com/_eobdlb

20
...
identical twins treated more similarly than
non-identical twins due to wanting not to be seen as favoring a twin

21
...
outline Eysencks
theory as a psychological explanation for offending behavior

General personality theory: Three dimensions combine
to form personality: introversion-extraversion (E), neuroticism-stability (N), psychoticism-sociability (P)
...
what is the criminal personality
type according to
Eysencks theory?

- Extravert: underactive nervous system so constantly
seeks excitement, engaging in risky behaviour
...
g
...


- Neurotic: high level of reactivity in the sympathetic nervous system, being nervous & jumpy with unstable unpredictable behaviour
- Psychotic: higher level of testosterone, prone to aggression and emotional

24
...
Offenders cannot
6 / 14

Psychology- Forensic psychology
Study online at https://quizlet
...
what are the evaluation points for
eysencks theory
under the psychological explanation for offending behaviour

(+) research support: 2070 prisoners vs 2422 control
...
what are the 3
levels of moral
reasoning under
Kohlberg's theory as a cognitive explanation
for offending behaviour

1
...
conventional level: approval, maintenance of the social
order
3
...
offenders are more ego-centric, selfish, poor perspective-taking skills
-based on responses to moral dilemmas (such as Heinz
Dilemna) after controlling for social backgrounds
...
what are the evaluation points of
levels of reasoning as a cognitive explanation
for offending behaviour?

(+) research support, socio moral reflection short form
...
com/_eobdlb

28
...

29
...
When 55 violent offenders were
exposed to pictures of facial expressions which were neither clearly hostile nor clearly neutral, the overwhelming
majority viewed the images as aggressive or hostile
...

- Minimalisation, particularly common amongst sex offenders, is used as a coping mechanism for guilt or regret,
where offenders will under-exaggerate the significance of
their crimes and the emotional consequences suffered by
their victims
...
what are the evaluation points of
cognitive distortions as a cognitive explanation
for offending behaviour?

(+) real world application: therapy challenging irrational
thinking reduces re-offending risk
(-) type of offence: non-contact & reoffending more likely
than contact sex offenders to use cognitive distortions, not
used in same way by all offenders and types of offenders
(-) descriptive or explanatory: does not explain or help
in predicting future offender behaviour, weak correlation
between attitudes and behaviour

31
...

-it is possible to accurately predict the likelihood that an
8 / 14

Psychology- Forensic psychology
Study online at https://quizlet
...

-If the frequency and intensity of an individual's exposure
to pro-criminal attitudes is greater than their exposure to
anti-criminal attitudes, it is likely that the individual will
become criminal
-individuals learn general attitudes towards crime, reinforced by others' reactions and general behvaiour, as well
as the skills and knowledge required to carry out specific
crimes
...
what are the evaluation points for
differential association theory as
a psychological
explanation for
offending behaviour

(+) shift of focus, draws attention to environment rather
than biology or individual immorality
(-) socially sensitive- risk of labelling certain backgrounds
as more likely to turn to crime, ignores individual differences
(+) wide reach, explains all crime even within middle class
white-collar corporate crimes, not just working class
(-) difficulty testing, concepts are not operationalised and
cannot be measured
...
what are the 3 inadequate superegos as a psychodynamic explanation for offending behaviour?

-deviant superego: child will internalise abnormal moral
standards from their criminal parents
-The weak superego: due to a lack of identification with the
same-sex parent during the phallic stage due to absence
-over-harsh superego: craves for punishment due to being
accustomed to such a feeling because the child had grown
up with over-harsh parents
dysfunctional superego means that the id (operating on
pleasure principle) is able to exercise control and be self-

9 / 14

Psychology- Forensic psychology
Study online at https://quizlet
...

34
...
what are the
evaluation points
of the psychodynamic explanation for offending
behaviour?

(+) research support for superego: Freudian style analysis
of 10 offenders, all had overharsh ego

- shown in 44 juvenile thieves study, resulting in long-term
consequences such as the development of affectionless
psychopathy, the lack of empathy towards victims- discuss
the 44 thieves study, same as for attachment (12/14 affectionless thieves faced prolonged separation from mothers
in childhood)

(-) gender bias: theory that women have weaker superegos due to weaker idenification with same gendered
parent (lack of castration anxiety) imply women should be
more prone to crime but the opposite is true, no differences or male more likely to be criminals, alpha bias
(-) other factors: maternal deprivation poor predicter of
offending, not causal relationship
(-) lack of support for superego generally, not all harshly
raised children feel excessive guilt and seek punishment
(-) limitations with Bowlby's 44 thieves study (self-report,
investigator effects)

36
...
com/_eobdlb

ensuring that the punishment is in accordance to the
severity and type of crime committed
-rehabilitation: offenders are reformed and helped to return to society (skills, education)
...
what are the effects of custodial sentencing
for dealing with
offending behaviour?

- stress, depression (7
...

- prisonisation: adopt 'inmate code', unacceptable behaviours rewarded in prison
...
g
...
what is the prob- rates vary on period of time after release, age of offender,
lem of recidivism crime committed and country
in custodial sentencing?
-45% within a year, UK ministry of justice
-US, Denmark, Austrlia >60% vs Norway <20%
39
...
differential association theory school of crime links

40
...

in custody?
11 / 14

Psychology- Forensic psychology
Study online at https://quizlet
...
Award tokens directly or indirectly, 4:1 ratio of reinforcement : punishment
-Train staff: standardisation of processes, must reward
same behaviours in same ways and assess progress
...
outline behaviour modification
in custody for
dealing with offending behaviour

-features token economies, based upon operant conditioning principles, and mainly reinforcement
...

-token acts as a secondary reinforcer because its value is
derived from being able to be swapped for a reward, which
is known as a primary reinforcer (positive reinforcement)
-emphasise non compliance leads to punishment

42
...
Outline CBT under anger management as a
way of dealing with offending behaviour

- Cognitive factors trigger emotional arousal (anger) that
comes before aggression
...
com/_eobdlb

- CBT aims to help clients recognise triggers and develop
skills to resolve conflicts
...
What are the
3 stages of
CBT under anger
management to
deal with offending behaviour?

1
...

2
...
Application practice: Practise skills through role play
with the therapist

45
...


Keen et al
...
What are the
strengths and
limitations of
anger management as a way
of dealing with
offending behaviour?

(+) better than behaviour modification: tackles causes,
giving insight, long-term positive outcomes
(-) individual differences: some offenders benefit more
than others (those who are open to change, VERY angry
at the start)
(-) expensive: requires specialists which not all prisons can
fund, change takes time
(-) does not reduce recidivism (reoffending): application
phase lacks external validity

47
...
com/_eobdlb

Briefly outline
restorative justice as a way
of dealing with
offending behaviour

Focuses on helping the victim, sees the crime as directed towards them instead of to the state
...
Supervised meeting with trained mediator between offender and
survivor in a non-formal setting
...

The Offender made aware of emotional distress caused to
empathise and must accept the consequences of their behaviour
...
Offender may 'pay back' financially through payments or fixing items and/or emotionally, i
...
support healing process
...


48

---