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Title: BIOTECHNOLGY NOTES
Description: elcome to my notes on biotechnology! Let's dive into the cutting-edge field where science meets innovation. From genetic engineering to bioinformatics, I'll guide you through the exciting applications and advancements shaping our world. Whether you're exploring biology or intrigued by the potential of biotech, these notes offer insights into the fascinating intersection of science and technology. Let's unlock the potential of biotechnology together!

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Biotechnology: Principles and processes  
 
What is biotechnology? 


Biotechnology refers to the technology using biology, which has 
applications in agriculture, food processing industry, medicine 
diagnostics, bioremediation, waste treatment, and energy production
...
 

Basis of Modern Biotechnology 


Genetic engineering − ​
Introduction of foreign genetic material 
(DNA/RNA) into the host’s genome and altering its phenotype 



Aseptic techniques − ​
Involves maintenance of contamination­free 
ambience in chemical engineering processes for manufacture of 
products such as antibiotics, vaccines, etc
...
 

Genetic Engineering 


Asexual reproduction preserves the genetic information while sexual 
reproduction preserves variations
...
 



Genetic engineering overcomes this limitation
...
 



For getting replicated, the foreign DNA must integrate into the host 
DNA sequence having ‘origin of replication’
...
 This 

process is called ​
cloning ​
(the process of formation of multiple identical 
copies of DNA)
...
  



Plasmid DNA acts asa​
 vector ​
since it is used to transfer the piece of 
DNA attached to it to the host
...
 



Plasmid DNA was cut with a specific restriction enzyme (‘molecular 
scissors’ − that cut a DNA at specific locations)
...
 



The DNA of interest is hybridised with the plasmid with the help of 
DNA ligase to form a ​
Recombinant DNA​

...
coli​
, where it 
replicates by using the host’s replicating machinery
...
coli​
 is cultured in a medium containing antibiotic, only cells 
containing recombinant DNA will be able to survive due to antibiotic 
resistance genes and one will be able to isolate the recombinants
...
 



Nucleases are of two types: 


Endonucleases − Cut the DNA at specific positions within the 
DNA 



Exonucleases − Cut the DNA at the ends (Remove the 
nucleotides at the ends of the DNA) 



Every restriction enzyme identifies different sequences (Recognition 
sequences)
...
 



Recognition sequences are ​
pallindromic­​
 Pallindromes are the 

sequence of base pairs that read same both backwards and forwards 
(i
...
, same 

and 

direction)
...
 

 


As a result, overhangs (called sticky ends) are generated on each 
strand
...
 



All these processes form the basis of RDT
...
g
...
coli​
, strain R
...
 

Gel Electrophoresis 


The fragments obtained after cutting with restriction enzymes are 
separated by using gel electrophoresis
...
 



Fragments separate according to their size by the sieving properties of 
agarose gel
...
 



Staining dyes such as ethidium bromide followed by exposure to UV 

radiations are used to visualise the DNA fragments
...
 



These bands are cut from the agarose gel and extracted from the gel 
piece (elution)
...
 

Cloning vectors & host as tools of RDT  
Cloning Vectors 


Plasmids and bacteriophages are commonly used as cloning vectors
...
 



Bacteriophages − Have high copy number (of genome) within the 
bacterial cell 



Plasmids − May have 1 − 2 copy number to 15 − 100 copy number 
per cell 



If foreign DNA is linked to these vectors, then it is multiplied to the 
number equal to the copy number of vector
...
 

Components of a plasmid cloning vector 

 


Origin of replication (​
ori​



Replication starts from ​
ori​

...
 


With the help of this, the genetic engineer may control copy 
number of the recombinant DNA
...
 



Selectable marker 


These genes help to select recombinants over non­recombinants
...
 



Cloning sites 


These sites refer to the recognition sites for restriction enzymes 
(such as EcoRI, Hind III, PvuI , BamHI, etc
...
 



Cloning process becomes completed when more than one 
recognition sites are present
...
 

How antibiotic resistance genes help in selecting recombinants? 


R​
Suppose tet​
 gene has Bam HI recognition site
...
 



Hence, tetracycline resistance is not present
Title: BIOTECHNOLGY NOTES
Description: elcome to my notes on biotechnology! Let's dive into the cutting-edge field where science meets innovation. From genetic engineering to bioinformatics, I'll guide you through the exciting applications and advancements shaping our world. Whether you're exploring biology or intrigued by the potential of biotech, these notes offer insights into the fascinating intersection of science and technology. Let's unlock the potential of biotechnology together!