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Title: BIOTECHNOLGY NOTES
Description: elcome to my notes on biotechnology! Let's dive into the cutting-edge field where science meets innovation. From genetic engineering to bioinformatics, I'll guide you through the exciting applications and advancements shaping our world. Whether you're exploring biology or intrigued by the potential of biotech, these notes offer insights into the fascinating intersection of science and technology. Let's unlock the potential of biotechnology together!
Description: elcome to my notes on biotechnology! Let's dive into the cutting-edge field where science meets innovation. From genetic engineering to bioinformatics, I'll guide you through the exciting applications and advancements shaping our world. Whether you're exploring biology or intrigued by the potential of biotech, these notes offer insights into the fascinating intersection of science and technology. Let's unlock the potential of biotechnology together!
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Biotechnology: Principles and processes
What is biotechnology?
●
Biotechnology refers to the technology using biology, which has
applications in agriculture, food processing industry, medicine
diagnostics, bioremediation, waste treatment, and energy production
...
Basis of Modern Biotechnology
●
Genetic engineering −
Introduction of foreign genetic material
(DNA/RNA) into the host’s genome and altering its phenotype
●
Aseptic techniques −
Involves maintenance of contaminationfree
ambience in chemical engineering processes for manufacture of
products such as antibiotics, vaccines, etc
...
Genetic Engineering
●
Asexual reproduction preserves the genetic information while sexual
reproduction preserves variations
...
●
Genetic engineering overcomes this limitation
...
●
For getting replicated, the foreign DNA must integrate into the host
DNA sequence having ‘origin of replication’
...
This
process is called
cloning
(the process of formation of multiple identical
copies of DNA)
...
●
Plasmid DNA acts asa
vector
since it is used to transfer the piece of
DNA attached to it to the host
...
●
Plasmid DNA was cut with a specific restriction enzyme (‘molecular
scissors’ − that cut a DNA at specific locations)
...
●
The DNA of interest is hybridised with the plasmid with the help of
DNA ligase to form a
Recombinant DNA
...
coli
, where it
replicates by using the host’s replicating machinery
...
coli
is cultured in a medium containing antibiotic, only cells
containing recombinant DNA will be able to survive due to antibiotic
resistance genes and one will be able to isolate the recombinants
...
●
Nucleases are of two types:
○
Endonucleases − Cut the DNA at specific positions within the
DNA
○
Exonucleases − Cut the DNA at the ends (Remove the
nucleotides at the ends of the DNA)
●
Every restriction enzyme identifies different sequences (Recognition
sequences)
...
●
Recognition sequences are
pallindromic
Pallindromes are the
sequence of base pairs that read same both backwards and forwards
(i
...
, same
and
direction)
...
●
As a result, overhangs (called sticky ends) are generated on each
strand
...
●
All these processes form the basis of RDT
...
g
...
coli
, strain R
...
Gel Electrophoresis
●
The fragments obtained after cutting with restriction enzymes are
separated by using gel electrophoresis
...
●
Fragments separate according to their size by the sieving properties of
agarose gel
...
●
Staining dyes such as ethidium bromide followed by exposure to UV
radiations are used to visualise the DNA fragments
...
●
These bands are cut from the agarose gel and extracted from the gel
piece (elution)
...
Cloning vectors & host as tools of RDT
Cloning Vectors
●
Plasmids and bacteriophages are commonly used as cloning vectors
...
●
Bacteriophages − Have high copy number (of genome) within the
bacterial cell
●
Plasmids − May have 1 − 2 copy number to 15 − 100 copy number
per cell
●
If foreign DNA is linked to these vectors, then it is multiplied to the
number equal to the copy number of vector
...
Components of a plasmid cloning vector
●
Origin of replication (
ori
)
○
Replication starts from
ori
...
○
With the help of this, the genetic engineer may control copy
number of the recombinant DNA
...
●
Selectable marker
○
These genes help to select recombinants over nonrecombinants
...
●
Cloning sites
○
These sites refer to the recognition sites for restriction enzymes
(such as EcoRI, Hind III, PvuI , BamHI, etc
...
○
Cloning process becomes completed when more than one
recognition sites are present
...
How antibiotic resistance genes help in selecting recombinants?
●
R
Suppose tet
gene has Bam HI recognition site
...
●
Hence, tetracycline resistance is not present
Title: BIOTECHNOLGY NOTES
Description: elcome to my notes on biotechnology! Let's dive into the cutting-edge field where science meets innovation. From genetic engineering to bioinformatics, I'll guide you through the exciting applications and advancements shaping our world. Whether you're exploring biology or intrigued by the potential of biotech, these notes offer insights into the fascinating intersection of science and technology. Let's unlock the potential of biotechnology together!
Description: elcome to my notes on biotechnology! Let's dive into the cutting-edge field where science meets innovation. From genetic engineering to bioinformatics, I'll guide you through the exciting applications and advancements shaping our world. Whether you're exploring biology or intrigued by the potential of biotech, these notes offer insights into the fascinating intersection of science and technology. Let's unlock the potential of biotechnology together!