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BASIC ELECTRONICS LAB MANUAL
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
PRACTICES

Prepared By
Denmark Y
...

To get familiar with basic electronic components such as Resistor, capacitors,
Inductor, diodes, transistors, integrated circuits (IC), light emitter diode (LED),
switches, fuses, batteries, power plugs, connectors, wires and cables
...

To test and understand the function of various electronic components
...
The current through a resistor is in direct proportion to the
voltage across the resistor's terminals
...
A
device used in electrical circuits to maintain a constant relation between current flow and
voltage
...
The
electrical behaviour of a resistor obeys Ohm's law for a constant resistance; however, some
resistors are sensitive to heat, light, or other variables
...
Most are color coded, but
some have their value in Ohms and their tolerance printed on them
...
They are typically marked with an “R” on a circuit board
...
They normally have their value marked with the
maximum value in Ohms
...

For example, code 104 = 10 followed by four 0′s = 100000 Ohms = 100K Ohms
...
They are typically marked with an “VR” on a
circuit board
...
By contrast, batteries
store energy via chemical reactions
...

Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices
...
A lot have their values printed on them,
some are marked with 3-digit codes, and a few are color coded
...
They are typically marked
with an “C” on a circuit board
...
It consists of a
conductor such as a wire, usually wound into a coil
...
When the current flowing through an inductor
changes, the time-varying magnetic field induces a voltage in the conductor, according to

3

Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, which by Lenz's law opposes the change in
current that created it
...
If they are color
coded, the resources listed for resistors can help, otherwise a good meter that can measure
inductance will be needed
...


TRANSFORMERS
A transformer is a static electrical device that transfers energy by inductive coupling
between its winding circuits
...
This varying magnetic flux induces a varying electromotive force (emf)
or voltage in the secondary winding
...
They are typically marked with an “T” on a circuit board
...
Its essential component is a metal wire or strip that melts when too much current
flows, which interrupts the circuit in which it is connected
...
A fuse
interrupts excessive current (blows) so that further damage by overheating or fire is
prevented
...

4

SEMICONDUCTORS
DIODES
In electronics, a diode is a two-terminal electronic component with asymmetric
conductance, it has low (ideally zero) resistance to current flow in one direction, and high
(ideally infinite) resistance in the other
...


TRANSISTORS
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals
and electrical power
...
A voltage or current applied to one pair of the
transistor's terminals changes the current through another pair of terminals
...
Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are
found embedded in integrated circuits
...


5

BRIDGE RECTIFIERS
A diode bridge is an arrangement of four (or more) diodes in a bridge circuit
configuration that provides the same polarity of output for either polarity of input
...
A bridge rectifier provides fullwave rectification from a two-wire AC input, resulting in lower cost and weight as compared
to a rectifier with a 3-wire input from a transformer with a center-tapped secondary winding
...
This can be made much smaller than a discrete circuit made from
independent components
...
Computers, mobile phones, and other
digital home appliances are now inextricable parts of the structure of modern societies, made
possible by the low cost of producing integrated circuits
...
LEDs are used as
indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for other lighting
...


SWITCHES
In electrical engineering, a switch is an electrical component that can break an
electrical circuit, interrupting the current or diverting it from one conductor to another
...
Each set of contacts
can be in one of two states: either "closed" meaning the contacts are touching and electricity
can flow between them, or "open", meaning the contacts are separated and the switch is
nonconducting
...

Batteries are also pretty easy to identify, and are well marked with their specification
...
Many relays use an electromagnet to
operate a switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used
...

Relays are typically enclosed in plastic, and many have their specs printed on them
...


8

Lab Exercise
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
Electronic components (Resistor, capacitors, diode, Transistor)
Digital multimeter (DMM)
A1
...
of zeros,
following 2nd digit)

2nd digit

Colour-code bands on a
resistor
...
5%

Blue

6

6

×1000000

0
...
1%

Grey

8

8

–

–

White

9

9

–

–

Gold

–

–

×0
...
01

10%

9

Resistance measurement
Procedure
1
...
Set function to resistance measurement
3
...
Connect the two probes’ crocodile clips to the resistor (or to the resistor circuit via jumper
wires) to make measurement
5
...
Take the more accurate reading
...


Colour code

1

Red, red, black

2

Red, black, orange

3

Blue, gray, green

Actual Value

4

10M

5

33K

A2
...
25pF
±5%
±10%
±20%
±0
...


Code Number

1

104

2

223

3

68

Actual Value

4

0
...


F

33nF

Diode Testing

Draw the schematic symbol of a 1N4001 diode and identify the leads (Anode and Cathode) in
the box below
...
Set the Lab DMM to Diode Testing mode
...
Measure the forward and reverse bias voltages of the given diodes and record them
i
...
Touch the BLACK probe to the Cathode and
record the reading
ii
...
Touch the BLACK probe to the Anode and
record the reading

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No
...

To get familiar with basic electronic instrument and Equipment handling and usage
procedure for Digital Multimeter, DC power supply, Function Generator and CRO
...

To study the self test / calibration procedure of CRO
...
It is called a Multimeter
because it combines the functions of a voltmeter, ammeter, and ohmmeter
...

PARTS OF MULTIMETER
A Multimeter has three parts:
Display
Selection Knob
Ports
The display usually has four digits and the ability to display a negative sign
...

The selection knob allows the user to set the multimeter to read different things such as
milliamps (mA) of current, voltage (V) and resistance (Ω)
...
COM stands for
common and is almost always connected to Ground or ‘-’ of a circuit
...
10A is the special port used when measuring large currents (greater than
200mA)
...
This port allows
the measurement of current (up to 200mA), voltage (V), and resistance (Ω)
...
Any probe with a banana plug
will work with this meter
...

Never use the meter if the meter or the test leads look damaged
...

Never touch the probes to a voltage source when a test lead is plugged into the 10 A or
300 mA input jack
...

Never apply more than the rated voltage between any input jack and earth ground
...
Such voltages
pose a shock hazard
...

To avoid false readings, which could lead to possible electric shock or personal injury,
replace the battery as soon as the battery indicator appears
...
The red lead is plugged into
the 10 A jack when measuring currents greater than 300 mA, the 300 mA jack when measuring
currents less than 300 mA, and the remaining jack (V-ohms-diode) for all other measurements
...
You can choose a manual range in
V AC, V DC, A AC, and A DC by pressing the button in the middle of the rotary dial
...


PROCEDURE FOR MEASUREMENT
VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT
D
...
/ A
...
Voltage Measurment
1
...

2
...
C
...
C
...
C
...

3
...

4
...


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CURRENT MEASUREMENT

1
...
For measurements between
200mA and 10A connect the red test lead to the ‘10mA’ socket
...
Set the selector switch to the desired uA/mA/A range
...
Open the circuit to be measured and connect the test leads in SERIES with the load in
which current is to be measured
...
To avoid blowing an input fuse, use the 10A jack until you are sure that the current is less
than 300 mA
...
Break the circuit
...
) Put the meter in series with the circuit and turn power on
...
Connect the positive(red) test lead to the ‘V/mA’ jack socket and the negative(black) lead
to the ‘COM’ jack socket
...
Set the selector switch to the desired ‘OHM Ω’
...
If the resistance to be measured ia part of a circuit, turn off the power and discharge all
capacitors before measurement
...
Connect the test leads to the circuit to be measured
...
The resistance value should now appear on the digital display
...
If the resistance to be measured is part of a circuit, turn off the power and discharge all
capacitors before measurement
...
It is often used to
verify connectors
...


1
...


2
...

3
...
If the resistence is Ohms
the buzzer will sound
...
If the resistance to be measured is part of a circuit, turn off the power and discharge all
capacitors before measurement
...
Connect the positive (red) test lead to the ‘V/mA’ jack socket and the negative(black)
lead to the ‘COM’ jack socket
...
Set the selector switch to the
position
...
Connect the test leads to be measured
...
Turn on the power to the circuit to be measured and the voltage value should appear on
the digital display
...
They are to be connected to the terminals on the meter itself
...
Red probe is to be connected to terminal marked
with :
‘V- ’ for voltage measurement,
‘mA’ or ‘20A’ for current measurement (there are two terminals, one for 2A range and the other for
20A range)
‘V- ’ for resistance measurement
...
Therefore, you must select
the correct function before using it
...
Set the
range to the first range that is higher than the maximum value you expect to measure
...
If you do not know what to expect, use the highest range first
...

When the value measured exceeds the existing range, the display will flash
...


Precautions:
1
...
Excessive current
will blow the fuse on the 2A range, which must be replaced
...

2
...

3
...

Resistance measurement
Procedure
1
...
Set function to resistance measurement
3
...
Connect the two probes’ crocodile clips to the resistor (or to the resistor circuit via jumper wires) to
make measurement
5
...
Take the more accurate reading
...
Connect probes: black probe to COM terminal and red probe to terminal marked with ‘V’
8
...
Set to the appropriate range (refer to above)
10
...
Touch the two points where you want to make measurement
12
...
Take the more accurate reading
...
This may not indicate the voltage level from ground
...

Current measurement
Procedure
1
...
Set function to current measurement
3
...
Set AC-DC selection - depends on what type of signal you want to measure
5
...
Break the path which we want to make measurement
7
...
On the power
9
...
Take the more accurate reading
...


Connection Methods to Measure Voltage and Current

i
+
Power
Supply

+

Power
Supply

V

COM

A

Multimeter

COM

Multimeter

Voltage Measurement

Current Measurement

20

2B DC VARIABLE POWER SUPPLY
Objective
To study the function and operation of regulated power supply
...
The term
is most commonly applied to electric power converters that convert one form of electrical energy
to another, though it may also refer to devices that convert another form of energy (mechanical,
chemical, solar) to electrical energy
...

A power supply may be implemented as a discrete, stand-alone device or as an integral
device that is hardwired to its load
...

Commonly specified power supply attributes include:
The amount of voltage and current it can supply to its load
...


POWER SUPPLIES TYPES
Battery
DC power supply
AC power supply
Linear regulated power supply
Switched mode power supply
Programmable power supply
Uninterruptible power supply
High voltage power supply
Voltage multipliers

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DC POWER SUPPLY
SPECIFICATION
1
...
The design is limit the voltage overload
The power supply input 220V, 230V, 240V AC
3
...
Work temperature: -10 C-40 C

MAIN FUNCTION
1
...

2
...

3
...

4
...

5
...

Adjustable power supply

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2C CATHODE-RAY OSCILLOSCOPE (CRO)
Objective
• To introduce the basic structure of a cathode-ray Oscilloscope
...

• To visualize an ac signal, measure the amplitude and the frequency
...
When the cathode is heated (by
applying a small potential difference across its terminals), it emits electrons
...

When the fast electron beam strikes the fluorescent screen, a bright visible spot is
produced
...
The X&Y- plates are
responsible for deflecting the electron beam horizontally and vertically
...

The voltage to be studied is applied to the Y-plates
...

Experimental Figures

Fig 1
...
Out Line Diagram of CRO
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Procedure
1
...
Adjust the intensity and the focus of the trace
...
Use the X & Y knobs to center the trace horizontally and vertically
...
Connect the cable from Ch1 of the CRO to Function generator
...
A signal will appear on the screen
...
Make sure that the inner red knobs of the Volt/Div and the Time/Div are locked
clockwise
...
Set the frequency of the generator to 100 Hz
...
Adjust the Volt/Div and the Time/Div knobs so that you get a suitable size signal
9
...
vertical Div *Volt/Divs
10
...
Horizontal Div *Time/Divs
11
...
To get familiarization and study the operation of a function generator instrument
2
...
To visualize the types of waveforms produced by a function generator
Equipment Required
Oscilloscope
Function generator
...
Function generators are capable of producing a
variety of repetitive waveforms, generally from the list below
Sine wave: A function generator will normally have the capability to produce a standard
sine wave output
...


Square wave: A square wave is normally relatively easy for a function generator to
produce
...


Pulse: A pulse waveform is another type that can be produced by a function generator
...


Triangular wave: This form of signal produced by the function generator linearly
moves between a high and low point
...


These waveforms can be either repetitive or single-shot Function generators are used in the
development, test and repair of electronic equipment
...
Turn on the oscilloscope
2
...
Select the type of wave form by pressing Function control button
...
Set the waveform at desired frequency by adjusting Frequency variable control button
...
Now adjust the amplitude control of the function generator to establish a 4 V peak-to-peak
(p-p) sinusoidal waveform on the screen
...

20 x 4 Character bright back lit Liquid Crystal Display
...

Used for selection of Particular waveform
...

Used for selection of Frequency Modulation
...

When pulse output function is selected, this controls the pulse
duty cycle from 15% to 85%
...

In conjunction with attenuators (6), this varies the level of output
...
Approximately ±5VDC is
superimposed on the output
...

Output of 10 MHz function generator i
...
20Vpp (Open Circuit)
Input BNC connector for measuring the frequency of external
signal when External Counter mode is selected by
Menu key on the LCD display
...
e
...


27

LAB Exercise
2A DIGITAL MULTI METER
observation
Description
Measurement of line voltage (ac)
Measurement of resistance
Measurement of continuity

Value

2B DC VARIABLE POWER SUPPLY
Set 5V in both channel
2C CATHODE-RAY OSCILLOSCOPE (CRO)
Self test of CRO
Description
Measurement of voltage
Measurement of Time
Calculated frequency

Value

2D FUNCTION GENERATOR
Set sine wave _____Hz and display in CRO
Set Triangle/ Square wave and display in CRO
observation
Description
Measurement of voltage
Measurement of Time
Calculated frequency

Sine wave

Result

28

Square Wave

Introduction to TINA Software
PART 1 – TINA Schematic Editor
General Instructions to Create circuit Schematic Design
Launch TINA Editor from Start- All programs – TINA 9: Move your cursor to the Toolbar and tips will
appear as you move from one icon to another
...

At the top of the window, other than the Menu Bar,
(i)
Standard Toolbar
(ii)
Schematic Editing Toolbar There is also a Status Bar at the bottom of the screen
...
You can
move the cursor only with the mouse
...
A component symbol (accompanied by an arrow and small box), when inserting that
component onto the circuit in the schematic window
...
A pen, when defining the
endpoint of a wire
...
An elastic box, when defining a block after fixing its first corner
...
A magnifying glass, when
defining a zoom window
...
The schematic window is actually a window onto a larger drawing area
...
When selecting the New command on the File menu, the system automatically aligns the
origin of the editor window with the center of the entire editor drawing area
...
You can think of
TINA’s schematic as existing on several “layers
...
It is generally convenient to have these two layers on
...
View|Grid On/Off: Displays/hides the grid
...
At some schematic zoom levels, you will not see the dots of the grid;
nevertheless, all component pins and connecting wires will be on the grid
...
Component symbols are positioned on the drawing
area horizontally and vertically
...
This permits the software to unambiguously recognize the
network nodes
...
g
...
,)
from this tool bar
...
We show the menu name separated from the command
name by a dot (Menu name
...


File
...
TSC or
...
TSM) or
Spice netlist files (
...
TSC extension is the current schematic file extension used in TINA
v9
...

(File
...
It will also save TSM, LIB, and TLD files into their proper place in the
user area
...
ZIP file extension and will help you select, copy, and
extract files
...
tina
...
tina
...

(File
...
It is
advised to frequently save the circuit that you are working on to avoid loss of data in case of a
computer crash
...
Close) Closes the actual circuit or an open subcircuit on the screen
...

(Edit
...

(Edit
...
Note that the content may
come from the schematic editor itself, TINA’s diagram window, or any other Windows program
...
If this button is pressed you can select and drag components with the
cursor
...
You can also
select several objects by holding down the Ctrl key and clicking on the objects one-by-one; or by
clicking at one corner of the area, holding down the left mouse button, moving to the opposite
corner and then releasing the mouse button
...
You can drag the
selected objects by dragging one of them
...
You can unselect all selected
object(s) by clicking on an empty area
...
You
can select all the wire segments, connected by the same ID on Jumpers, by holding down the
Shift Key and clicking one of the wire segments
...
Last component) Retrieves the last component inserted, for a new insertion of
another copy, with the same parameters as the previous insertion
...
Wire) Use this icon for inserting (adding) wires to the schematic design
...
Text) Add comments into schematics and analysis results
...
Hide/Reconnect) Use Hide/Reconnect to place or remove a connecting dot between
crossing wire or wire-component connection
...
Rotate Left (Ctrl L), (Edit
...

(Edit
...
Hotkeys Ctrl L, Ctrl H

Switches On/Off the grid
...
e
...

Explicitly zoom in on a selected portion of the current view
...

Select zoom ratio from a list from 10% to 200%
...
Interactive modes, see also on the Interactive
menu:

32

DC mode
AC mode
Continuous transient mode
Single shot transient mode, the time is the same as set at Analysis Transient
Digital mode
VHDL mode
With this listbox you can select the analysis and the Interactive Mode Options dialog
...
Optimization Target) Select Optimization Target to set up Optimization mode or
to change settings
...
Control Object) Select Control Object for Parameter Stepping or Optimization
...
Faults enabled) If this button is pressed it enables component Faults, set by Fault
property of components
...

(View
...
2D/3D view
...
This is a simple but useful check before starting the PCB design
...
PCB Design) Invokes the dialog which initiates the PCB design module of
TINA
...
Find component) Find Component tool
...
This tool helps you find by name any component in the
TINA catalog
...
This tool is useful when you don’t know
where a particular component is located, or if you want a list of all the components that match
particular search criteria
...

Component list
...

The Component bar: Components are arranged in groups, named by the tabs on the
Component bar
...
When you click on the desired component (and release the button), the cursor changes
to that component symbol and you can move it anywhere in the drawing area
...
Once you have
selected the part’s position and orientation, press the left button of the mouse to lock the symbol
in place
...
See more details above at the toolbar description
...
Clicking on a tab brings that circuit page up
in the editor
...
Each tool or instrument
operates in its own window and can be made active by clicking on its speed button (icon of the
tool)
...
Note that the first button
(furthest to the left), the Lock schematic button, has a special function
...
When the schematic
window is not locked and it is currently selected, you will always see the entire schematic
window with any other windows hidden behind
...


34

PART 2 – TINA PCB Design Editor
General Instructions to design PCB Layout using TINA PCB Editor
Creating a Printed Circuit Board (PCB)
Once circuit diagram is completed, you can design printed circuit board to manufacture your
design
...
Once each component has a satisfactory
physical part association,
we can proceed to PCB layout design
...
Set the items in the
PCB Design dialog as shown below
...
With the Browse button find and select the 1layer_A
...
The settings are appropriate for a double-sided PCB
...
PCB Design) Invokes the dialog which initiates the PCB design module of TINA
...
The most important thing in PCB design is that every part in schematic must have a
physical representation with exact physical size
...
TINA’s footprint naming uses
as a starting point the IPC-SM-782A(Surface Mount Design and Land Pattern Standard) and the

35

JEDEC standard JESD30C (Descriptive Designation System for Semiconductor Device
Packages)
...
jedec
...
pdf
...
In this dialog you see all of Tina’s components and the corresponding footprint names

Figure 5:Component property editor
Clicking on the footprint name fields, from the available footprint names the required footprint
can be selected
...

36

Figure 6:Component Footprint name editor

Figure 7:Component information
If you find the footprint name you want on the list, click on it and press OK: you will be returned
to the component property dialog with the selected footprint name in the Footprint name line
...
If you do not find the
footprint name you want, you can add a new footprint using the Add buttons of the “PCB
information” dialog
...
When everything looks good,
you can make a final check by clicking the 2D/3D view button
...
Follow the general
procedure given as General Instructions to Create circuit Schematic Design, to add parts and
complete the circuit diagram
...
To do this, press the button on TINA’s toolbar (the last icon on the right) or select the
“PCB Design” command on the Tools menu
...
Select “Start New Project”, “Auto placement” and “Use board template”
...
tpt template files from TINA’s Template
...
When everything is set properly, press the OK
button and the PCB layout design will appear with all the components automatically placed on
the PCB board
...
First, click on “Modify all” and
enter 25 mil into the “Track width” field
...

To automatically route the netlist, press the F5 button or select “Autoroute board” command
from the Tools menu
...
To do this, click the T
button on the toolbar
...
The text will be attached to the
cursor
...


Figure 12: Fullwave circuit after routing and lablin in TINA PCB Editor
To see if everything is routed correctly, press F7 or select DRC (Design Rule Check) from the
Tools menu
...
To do this, press F3 or select 3D View from the
View menu
...
You can
display or hide these arrows through the Options menu with “Use control arrows” checkbox
...

After this you can either print your design or create a Gerber file for a manufacturer
...
To obtain Gerber files to direct a photo plotter, choose Export Gerber
file from File menu
...
)

42

Generate the following output files

Assembly Drawing

Routing (Bottom)

Silk screen

NC Drill Drawing

Solder mask (Bottom)

Top and Bottom layer

43

Design outputs

Result:

44

EXERCISE 4
ASSEMBLY AND TESTING - FULL WAVE RECTIFIER
OBJECTIVE:
To assemble and test full wave rectifier circuit and to measure voltage drop across resistive
network
...
NO
1
...
7 k,
2
...

Bend the resistors lead to the appropriate size before inserting them into the board
...

2) Testing the circuit
a) Connect the AC source from step down transformer to jumper J1 and J2
...

c) Measure the voltage V1 between TP1 and GND

JOIN JUMPER 3 THEN
...


V1
V2
V3
f) Measure the voltage across the individual resistor and note the values in the table below
...
Unplug the device or switch off the circuit
before attempting a continuity test
...

b) When the resistor value differs from the circuit, the output value also differs
...

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
S
...

2
3
4

COMPONENTS NAME
VALUE
Single side copper clad PCB
(2
...
5) Square inch
Digital multimeter (DMM)
Ferric chloride solution and
etching equipment
Drilling machine
0
...

Place toner side (Print side) on copper side of PCB
Using Electric Iron box, press gently on the paper until the full toner transferred to the
clad side
Dip the clad in Ferric chloride solution and rinse for 5 -10 min until the unmasked copper
get removed
...

48

Then clean the surface with using fine emery sheet
...
8mm drill in all the pads

Testing:
Using digital multimeter, in continuity mode, Test for continuity of tracks, and short circuit

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