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The Cell (Part I)
´´Cell Types and Structure´´

Professor: Bárbara López

Table of contents
History of the cell
Cell theory
Classification of cells
Characteristics of eukaryotic cells
Characteristics of prokaryotic cells
Main differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
Structure of a prokaryotic cell
Structure of a eukaryotic cell
Quiz I : The Cell (Part I) and answers

History of the cell
What is the cell ?
It is defined as the structural and fundamental
unit of all living things
...

Who first described it?
In 1655, the English scientist Robert Hooke was
the first to describe it when he observed some cork
cuttings through a handmade microscope he had made
himself
...


History of the cell
Years later, other scientists have gone on to study the cell,
including the following:

In 1831, the english botanist Ingles Robert Brown
described the núcleus of cells
...

In 1839 the German zoologist Theodor Schwann
studied animal tissues and proposed that all life forms
were made up of one or more cells
...

In 1876 the German zoologist Oscar Hertwig
concluded that fertilisation occurs when gametes (egg and
sperm) are formed by reductional division
...


Cell theory:
1
...

2
...


3
...

4
...


Classification of
Cells

Eukaryotic cells

(They belong to the kingdoms:
Animal, Plant, fungí y Protista)

Animal
cell

Plant
cell

fungí
Cell

Prokaryotic cells

(they belong to the kingdom monera)

Protista
cell

Eubacterias

Archaeobacterias

Some characteristics of Eukaryotic cells
Presence Centrioles
Pluricelullar
Animal Absence cell wall
Absence chloroplasts
Cell
Presence Small vacuoles
Heterotrophic nutrition
Examples: Muscle cells, nerve cells and liver cells
...

Unicellular or multicellular
Protista
Sexual or asexual reproduction
Cell
Examples : amoebae, paramecius and
plasmodium

Some Characteristics of prokaryotic cells
Unicellular
Presence cell wall (composed of peptidoglycan)
Absence chloroplasts
Presence of fimbriae and flagellum
Eubacteria
Asexual reproduction by binary fission / Gemation / fragmentation
Presence of capsule
Heterotrophic or autotrophic nutrition
Examples: Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella and mycobacterium
tuberculosis
Unicellular
Presence cell wall (Absence of peptidoglycan)
Archaeobacteria Asexual reproduction by binary fission
Heterotrophic or autotrophic nutrition
Examples :crenarqueotas and euriarqueotas

Main Differences between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells
Prokaryotic Cell

Eukaryotic cell

Dispersed DNA without nuclear
membrane

DNA stored inside the nucleus with nuclear
membrane

Absence nucleolus

Presence nucleolus

Absence organelles of
membrane

Presence organelles of membrane

Absence chloroplast

Presence chloroplast in plant cell

Presence cell wall

Presence cell wall only in plant cell

Ribosomes 70S

Ribosomes 80S

Absence of mitochondria

Presence of mitochondria

Absence of active transport of
the endocytosis and exocytosis
types

Presence of active transport of the
endocytosis and exocytosis types

Type of cell reproduction:
Amitosis

Type of cell reproduction: Mitosis and
meiosis

Typical structure of a Prokaryotic cell
(Eubacteria and Archaeobacterias)
Pili

Plasma membrane

Ribosomes
Plásmid

Capsule
Cell wall
Cytoplasm
Nucleoid
Fimbriae
Flagellum

Structure of a eukaryotic cell
(Animal and plant cell)
Plant cell

Animal cell

Nucleus

Rough
endoplasmic
Nucleolusreticulum (RER)

Chloroplast

Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum(SER)

Plasma
membrane

Peroxisome
Centriole
Mitochondria

Lysosome
Golgi
apparatus

large
Vacuole

Cell wall

Structure of a eukaryotic cell
(Fungi and protista cell)
Fungi Cell
Cell wall

Protista cells

Cell membrane
Vacuole

Bud scar
Ribosome
Golgi
apparatus

Contractile
Contractile
vacuole Cilia
vacuole Cell membrane
Food
Oral groove
Vacuole
(Vestibulum)
Pseudopods

Lysosome

Septum

Nucleus
Water
Globules
Food vacuole

Nucleus
Nucleoulus
Bud

SER Mitochondrion

Ectoplasm
Macronucleus
Endoplasm
Micronucleus

Paramecium

Amoeba

Quiz I : The Cell (Part I)
1
...
- Who were the leading scientists in the development of cell theory ?
a) Mathias Schleiden, Robert Brown and Robert Hooke
b) Robert Brown, Theodor Schwann and Mathias Schleiden
c) Mathias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann and Rudolf Virchow
d) Theodor Schwann, Oscar Hertwig and Rudolf Virchow
3
...

b) Cells store all the hereditary information of the organisms to which they belong and are passed on from
one generation to the next
...

e) La cell is the structural, funtional and fundamental unit of all living things
...
- Which of the following kingdoms does not belong to the eukaryotes?

a) Monera kingdom
b) Plant kingdom
c) Animal kingdom
d) Protist kingdom
5
...
Does this
bacterium belong to the kingdom?
a) Plant kingdom
b) Fungi kingdom
c) Protist kingdom
d) Monera kingdom

6
...
- They are part of the structure of plant cells, except :
a) Chloroplasts
b) large vacuole
c) Centrioles
d) Cell wall

8
...
- The main difference between eukaryotic cells y prokaryotic cells is that:
a) There is no difference
...

b) Eukaryotic cells have a well-defined nucleus, unlike prokaryotic cells which
do not have a defined nucleus
c) Prokaryotic cells do not have a cell wall, unlike eukaryotic cells
...
- Eubacteria are characterised by, except :
a) Contain a peptidoglycan in their cell
...
- The order of the layers of a prokaryotic cell from the inside to the outside :
a) Capsule- plasma membrane- cell wall
b) Cell wall- Capsule- plasma membrane
c) Plasma membrane- cell wall- capsule
d) Plasma membrane- capsule- cell wall

12
...
- They are single-celled cells, except:
a) Eubacteria
b) Archeobacteria
c) Amoeba
d) Plant cells
14
...

b) Bacterial cells
c) Plant cells
d) Fungal cells
15
...
D
7C
8C
9B
10 D
11 C
12 C
13 D
14 B
15 C



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