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Title: Cell cycle regulation
Description: This document contains notes for cell cycle regulation. This will be easy for your reference.
Description: This document contains notes for cell cycle regulation. This will be easy for your reference.
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CELL CYCLE REGULATION
The Regulation of the Cell Cycle
The cell cycle is an essential event that occurs in every living body, and it must be properly regulated for
cells to function properly
...
Interphase is further
divided down into three stages: G1, S, and G2
...
Following DNA replication, the cell enters the G2 phase, which is when it
prepares to divide
...
Checkpoints in the Cell Cycle
The cell cycle includes three significant checkpoints: the G1/S, the G2/M, and the M checkpoint
...
G1/S Checkpoint
The G1/S checkpoint occurs as the G1 phase transitions into the S phase
...
G2/M Checkpoint
The G2/M milestone marks the shift from the G2 to the M phases
...
M Checkpoint
Before the cell enters anaphase, the M checkpoint ensures that the chromosomes are correctly positioned
on the metaphase plate during mitosis
...
Proto-Oncogenes
Genes known as proto-oncogenes promote cell division
...
A few instances of proto-oncogenes are cyclin D, E, and A
...
They create proteins that either stop
or slow down the cell cycle, giving the cell time to fix any damage to its DNA before continuing
...
The Role of Growth Factors and Receptors
Growth factors attach to specific receptors on the cell surface to induce cell proliferation
...
Certain receptors, like
G-protein coupled receptors, set off a chain of events known as signal transduction, which in turn activates
proto-oncogenes and advances the cell cycle
...
The
expression of genes involved in DNA repair and cell cycle arrest results from the activation of p53 in
response to DNA damage
...
Cyclin-Dependent Kinases and Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors
Enzymes called cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) phosphorylate and activate important proteins, so
promoting the progression of the cell cycle
...
p21 and p27 are two instances of CKIs
...
Additionally, the APC causes the
protein securin to degrade, which prevents sister chromatids from splitting apart
...
Knowing how the cell cycle is regulated is essential to comprehending how cells work and how
cancer arises
Title: Cell cycle regulation
Description: This document contains notes for cell cycle regulation. This will be easy for your reference.
Description: This document contains notes for cell cycle regulation. This will be easy for your reference.