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BIOLOGY:
HUMAN
SKELETON
SUMMARY

HUMAN BONE
This tissue is the major component of the
vertebral skeleton
...
The minerals (nonliving) makes up two-thirds of the mass of
bone
...
Bones have
their own blood supply to nourish them
...


HUMAN SKELETON
The human skeleton is a body framework
that protects the body’s internal organs,
support the weight of the body and allow
movements for humans
...


The human skeleton is divided into two
parts namely;




An axial skeleton which contains the
skull, vertebral column and sternum
(Breastbone) and the ribs
The appendicular skeleton which
consists of the gridles (pectoral and
pelvic) i
...
shoulder and hips arm and
the limbs (forelimbs and hindlimbs) i
...

arms and legs
...
wikipedia
...
They are 22 bones in
the skull which are joined together to form;
The brain box(cranium),the face consisting
of the upper jaw and the(maxilla) and
cavities for the main sense organs, the eyes,
ears and nose and the lower jaw(mandible)
which is a single curved bone that hinges
with the rest of the skull in such a way that
it can move up and down
...
The
base of the skull pivots on the top vertebra
of the vertebral column
...


FIGURE B

Source: www
...
com

THE VETEBRAL COLUMN
This is known as the backbone or spinal
column, is the central supporting structure
of the skeleton
...
The vertebrae are separated by discs
of fibro-cartilage but held together by
ligaments
...
byjus
...
A neural canal for the passage of the
spinal cord
...
A neural spine which projects upwards
dorsally
...
Two processes, known as transverse
process, which projects from the sides of
each vertebra
...
A centrum which is a solid piece of bone
below the neural canal
...
Smooth surfaces or facets at the front
and back which fits into the adjacent
vertebra
...
wikipedia
...

BODY REGION: NECK
NAME OF THE VETEBRA: CERVICAL VETEBRA
NUMBER OF BONES: 7
FEATURES: The first and second vertebra of

the column are the atlas and axis
respectively
...

The atlas is a ring of bone with a very large
neural canal and has no centrum
...
Unlike the atlas,
the axis has a large centrum which projects
forward as the odontoid process
...


The atlas is thus able to make it turn from
side to side
...
The
transverse processes are flattened out and
are known as cervical ribs
...
kenhub
...
It has a large
centrum, a large neural canal and a long
neural spine which projects upwards and
backwards
...

FIGURE F

Source: www
...
com

BODY REGION: LOIN
NAME OF THE VETEBRA: LUMBAR VETEBRA
NUMBER OF BONES: 5
FEATURES: These are massive and support

most of the body weight
...
It has a processes for
the abdominal muscles
...


FIGURE G

Source: www
...
com

BODY REGION: TAIL
NAME OF THE VETEBRA: CAUDAL VETEBRA
NUMBER OF BONES: 4
FEATURES: The four caudal vertebrae are

fused to form coccyx
...

FIGURE H

Source: www
...
com

RIBS AND STERNUM

Twelve pairs of ribs and the sternum form
the rib cage
...

Only the first 10 pairs are attached to the
sternum
...

FIGURE I

Source: www
...
com

PECTORAL AND PELVIC GRIDLE
In adult humans, the pectoral gridle holds
the upper limbs or arms to the axial
skeleton
...
The scapulae are attached
to the vertebral column by muscles
...
The clavicles are attached to a scapula
at one end and to the sternum at the other
end
...


FIGURE J

Source: www
...
net

The pelvic gridle or hips consists of two
bones, the right and the left pelvis
...

On the outer edge of each pelvis is a deep
cavity, the acetabulum, into which the head
of the thigh bone or femur fits to form the
hip joint
...

The rigid structure of the gridle restricts
the movement of the hips and legs
...
byjus
...
The evolution of pentadactyl plan
limbs was one of the major adaptations that
arose in connection with terrestrial life
...
Each digits is made up of
a few small bones
...


FIGURE L

Source: www
...
com

The forelimb or arm consists of the upper
arm, lower arm, wrist and hands
...


FIGURE M

Source: www
...
com

The hindlimb or the leg consists of the
thigh, shank, ankle and foot
...
The bones if the foot is not

as dexterous as those of the hand
...


FIGURE N

Source: www
...
com

JOINTS
A joint is a place where two or more bones
meet or articulate
...

The bones meeting at a point are always
held together by strong ligaments which
prevent dislocations during movement
...
Ball and socket joints
b
...
Gliding or sliding joints
d
...
The head of
the humerus is a ball like structure which
fits into the glenoid cavity of the scapula
...


Hinge joint: These occur at the elbow and
knee
...
As the name
implies, each set of bones making up this
joint functions like one half of a hinge
...
It occurs at the wrist and ankle,
and allows the hand and the foot to be
moved up and down or rotated slightly
...

It is formed between the axis and the atlas
vertebrae
...
e
...
}

THANK YOU FOR
PURCHASING MY
SUMMARY

SOURCE OF THE TOPIC: BIOLOGY FOR SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS
WRITTEN BY SAROJINI T
...
) PhD
Revised by Lucy I
...
B

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