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USA case study (bilateral flow between ACs)
Specification: 3
...
Global migration creates opportunities and challenges which
reflect the unequal power relations between countries
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● The US has a strong influence on global migration
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3 million immigrants living in the USA (13% of the total
population)
...

● These 9 nationalities are: Mexico, India, China, Puerto Rico, The Philippines,
Vietnam, El Salvador, Cuba and South Korea
...
This includes orphans adopted by
Americans
...
g
...
This is
called family reunification
...

● Many people arriving in the US are economic migrants - businesses have to
apply to be able to hire an immigrant and offer them a job before the potential
immigrant can start applying for a visa
...

● Immigrants are grouped into several categories:
1
...
g
...
These people do not need to have a job offer
...
A subcategory
of this includes people with advanced degrees (e
...
PhD’s)
...
People who are skilled, unskilled or professionals
...
Miscellaneous people including broadcasters and Afghans who
assisted the US military
...
People who have invested at least $1 million USD in an American
business
...
Therefore, the more
educated you are, the more likely you are to receive a visa
...


● Similarly, there are limits on how many refugees can come to the US each
year and where they come from
...

● However, Trump signed an executive order which stopped all refugees for
120 days
...
Trump also cut the refugee quota
from 110,000 per year to 50,000
...

The was implemented only 4 hours after it was made public
...
g
...

● Finally, there is a lottery for immigrants - called the Diversity Immigrant Visa
Programme - in which 50,000 people are randomly selected each year
...
However, immigrants in this
category still need to have a sufficient education and work experience
...

● About ¼ of all young people (under 18s) living in the US are the children of
immigrants
...
Since 2009,
the number of undocumented migrants arriving from Mexico has decreased
and now more arrive from Central America, Africa and Asia
...

● In 2014, around 181 million people visited the US (mostly for business or
tourism purposes)
...

● The cap on total (worldwide) permanent immigrants arriving in the US is
675,000 per year
...

● Possibility of obtaining a green card and becoming a permanent resident
...
g
...

● Democracy, equality and freedom
...

● Diaspora associations
...
g
...

● The biggest reason is globalisation - for example the perceived “American
Dream”
...
98 million US
citizens living abroad
...

● Emigrants’ main destination countries include Canada, Mexico, the UK,
Australia and Germany
...

● Highly skilled workers in education and IT have also emigrated to countries
with political/economic/historical ties
...
5 million Mexicans lived in the US and 1 million Americans
lived in Mexico
...

● Low-skilled Mexicans (many illegal) contribute to the economy in agriculture
and construction
...
In 2013, these totalled $22bn, or 2% of Mexico’s
GDP
...
Mexican industry has benefited, such as through
the development of the aerospace industry as a result of FDI from the US
...
g
...

● Environmental interdependence has been created through the joint
management of the Colorado River basin and the ecology of the Sonoran
desert
...

● Briefly ended “catch and release policies”, which allow illegal immigrants to be
released into the community whilst they wait to hear their fate
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● Described illegal immigrants as “criminal aliens”
...

● The Trump administration ended the temporary residency permit program,
meaning 60,000 Haitians who arrived in the US following the 2010 earthquake
were forced to leave
...

Economic/social factors influence migration (synoptic link to Disease
Dilemmas)

● Mexico has the highest death rate from chronic diseases caused by the
consumption of sugary drinks (triple that of South Africa, which is its
runner-up)
...

● Between 2000 and 2006, diabetes cases doubled and there was a 40% rise in
child obesity
...

● Desire to consume like Americans due to globalisation and the “American
dream”
...

Border crossing - environmental factor
● Up to ½ million people are caught trying to cross the Southern US border
illegally, each year
...

● 5 US planes arrive everyday in Guatemala city with deportees - many are
parents who have been forcibly separated from their children
...
This section of the border is
380 miles long
...
In June 2019, a man and his
2 year old daughter were found floating face down on the river banks near
Brownsville, Texas
...

● The program costs around $1,000 per worker in visas, consulate fees and
transportation to North Carolina
...

● This means that employers are pushed to hire illegal immigrants (3% total US
population)
...
Around 250 US workers applied and of them 70 never showed up,
180 quit in the first two days and only 10 finished the season
...
This means that ICE spends an average of
$10,854 per deportee
...
Some migrants also only speak English
(especially if they were brought to the US when they were young)
...
25% of Nobel Prize-winning scientists have migrated to the US
...

● Remittances sent home to migrants’ countries of origin do not benefit the
USA
...
The large
amount of undocumented immigrants is also a barrier to full social cohesion
and economic integration
...
This means that border agents
have a duty of care towards them
...
g
...

Political
● Trump centred his presidential campaign around immigration, which fuelled
many people’s prejudices and racist attacks
...

Environmental
● The US-Mexico shared border is 2000 miles long - it is impossible to protect
every bit of it, so migrants cross in increasingly dangerous places
...

● Immigrants pay around $90bn/year in taxes whilst they use around $5bn/year
in public benefits
...

● Immigrants take low-paid jobs which Americans don’t want to do (e
...
H-2A
visa program)
...
This leads to an increase in GDP and economic growth
...

● Immigrants are consumers, aiding job creation and business start-ups which
generate wealth
...

Political
● US immigration policy favours highly skilled and well-qualified professionals
(140,000 visas per year)
...

● The US has strong relationships with other countries, creating bilateral flows
of trade (e
...
through NAFTA)
...

● The lump of labour fallacy describes the belief that immigrants take jobs from
the native-born population
...

● There are demographic advantages of migration - youthful workers counteract
the ageing population and declining/low birth rates
...

Cons of immigration
● Low-skilled immigrants put downward pressure on wages because firms can
fill vacancies more easily (and with people who can be paid lower wages)
...
Native-born workers
therefore may find it hard to gain employment in higher-skilled jobs
...

● An influx of migrants without a proportional increase in investment can lead to
strain on public services
...




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