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USA case study (bilateral flow between ACs)
Specification: 3
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Global migration creates opportunities and challenges which
reflect the unequal power relations between countries
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● The US has a strong influence on global migration
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3 million immigrants living in the USA (13% of the total
population)
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● These 9 nationalities are: Mexico, India, China, Puerto Rico, The Philippines,
Vietnam, El Salvador, Cuba and South Korea
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This includes orphans adopted by
Americans
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g
...
This is
called family reunification
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● Many people arriving in the US are economic migrants - businesses have to
apply to be able to hire an immigrant and offer them a job before the potential
immigrant can start applying for a visa
...

● Immigrants are grouped into several categories:
1
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g
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These people do not need to have a job offer
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A subcategory
of this includes people with advanced degrees (e
...
PhD’s)
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People who are skilled, unskilled or professionals
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Miscellaneous people including broadcasters and Afghans who
assisted the US military
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People who have invested at least $1 million USD in an American
business
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Therefore, the more
educated you are, the more likely you are to receive a visa
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● Similarly, there are limits on how many refugees can come to the US each
year and where they come from
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● However, Trump signed an executive order which stopped all refugees for
120 days
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Trump also cut the refugee quota
from 110,000 per year to 50,000
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The was implemented only 4 hours after it was made public
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g
...

● Finally, there is a lottery for immigrants - called the Diversity Immigrant Visa
Programme - in which 50,000 people are randomly selected each year
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However, immigrants in this
category still need to have a sufficient education and work experience
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● About ¼ of all young people (under 18s) living in the US are the children of
immigrants
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Since 2009,
the number of undocumented migrants arriving from Mexico has decreased
and now more arrive from Central America, Africa and Asia
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● In 2014, around 181 million people visited the US (mostly for business or
tourism purposes)
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● The cap on total (worldwide) permanent immigrants arriving in the US is
675,000 per year
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● Possibility of obtaining a green card and becoming a permanent resident
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g
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● Democracy, equality and freedom
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● Diaspora associations
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g
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● The biggest reason is globalisation - for example the perceived “American
Dream”
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98 million US
citizens living abroad
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● Emigrants’ main destination countries include Canada, Mexico, the UK,
Australia and Germany
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● Highly skilled workers in education and IT have also emigrated to countries
with political/economic/historical ties
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5 million Mexicans lived in the US and 1 million Americans
lived in Mexico
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● Low-skilled Mexicans (many illegal) contribute to the economy in agriculture
and construction
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In 2013, these totalled $22bn, or 2% of Mexico’s
GDP
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Mexican industry has benefited, such as through
the development of the aerospace industry as a result of FDI from the US
...
g
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● Environmental interdependence has been created through the joint
management of the Colorado River basin and the ecology of the Sonoran
desert
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● Briefly ended “catch and release policies”, which allow illegal immigrants to be
released into the community whilst they wait to hear their fate
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● Described illegal immigrants as “criminal aliens”
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● The Trump administration ended the temporary residency permit program,
meaning 60,000 Haitians who arrived in the US following the 2010 earthquake
were forced to leave
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Economic/social factors influence migration (synoptic link to Disease
Dilemmas)

● Mexico has the highest death rate from chronic diseases caused by the
consumption of sugary drinks (triple that of South Africa, which is its
runner-up)
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● Between 2000 and 2006, diabetes cases doubled and there was a 40% rise in
child obesity
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● Desire to consume like Americans due to globalisation and the “American
dream”
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Border crossing - environmental factor
● Up to ½ million people are caught trying to cross the Southern US border
illegally, each year
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● 5 US planes arrive everyday in Guatemala city with deportees - many are
parents who have been forcibly separated from their children

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