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INSTITUTION: DEDAN KIMATHI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
UNIT: WORKSHOP PRACTICE Ⅱ
UNIT CODE: EEE 1203
TASK: REPORT ON TWO-WAY ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The aim of the experiment was to understand the basics and practice making a complete
electrical two-way lighting circuit
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A switch can make or break a circuit
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The switches are commonly used to turn on and off various electrical
appliances like fans, lamps, coolers, ACs, etc
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e
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Therefore, using two terminals, a one-way switch
makes or breaks an electric circuit
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When the switch is OFF, it breaks the circuit, and
no current flows through it
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A two-way switch is a
combination of two one-way switches in a single unit
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When a two-way switch conducts, one terminal is connected to another, but the third terminal
has a broken connection, i
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all three terminals of a two-way switch cannot be connected
simultaneously
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It is mainly
used in staircase wiring, long corridor wiring, etc
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A two-switch
can also be used to control a single electrical appliance from two different locations
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A two-way switch has three
terminals and can conduct current
in either direction
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There are three terminals in a
two-way switch
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A one-way switch has definite
ON and OFF positions
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The circuit of a one-way switch
to control an electric device is
simple
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A one-way switch is cheaper
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8
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The cost and time required for the
installation of a two-way switch is
more
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Application

A one-way switch is mainly
used in applications where an
electric appliance needs to be

A two-way switch finds
applications in electric circuits
where a single appliance is required

1
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Circuit
symbol
3
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Working

5
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Circuit
complexity

7
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to be operated from two different
locations such as the staircase
wiring of a lamp
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Advantages:
1
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2
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3
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4
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Disadvantages:
1
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2
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3
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Conduit wiring
Conduit wiring is a method of electrical wiring where the electrical cables are installed on the
surface of walls or ceilings using conduits
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Thereafter, rowel plugs go into the holes with saddles above the plugs to allow
the installation of conduits for the wires to pass
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It eliminates the need for breaking walls or drilling holes, making it a cost-effective
choice
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Protection: Surface conduits provide excellent protection to the electrical cables, shielding
them from external damage and preventing accidents
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Disadvantages
Aesthetics: Surface conduit wiring can be visually unappealing, as the conduits are visible on
the walls
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Space Constraints: The surface conduits occupy wall space, which can be a limitation in
small rooms or areas with limited wall space
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Cost: Surface conduit wiring may incur additional costs compared to concealed wiring due to
the visible conduits and associated fittings
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However, if the bulbs have
different resistances, they will have different voltage drops across them and therefore will
dissipate different amounts of power
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This is because an extra light bulb in series increases the total resistance, and
decreases the total current
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● If the light bulbs are identical (equal resistance), they will each drop an equal fraction of
the total voltage, and thus each will have the same brightness
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In parallel circuits, each bulb has the same voltage across it (equal to the supply voltage)
regardless of how many light bulbs there are
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This is because an extra light bulb in parallel decreases the total

resistance, and increases the total current
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● If light bulbs are identical (equal resistance), each bulb receives the full supply voltage
and will have the same brightness, which will typically be brighter than if the same bulbs
were in series (because they each get the full voltage)
● If the light bulbs have different resistances, a bulb with lower resistance will draw more
current and thus will be brighter than a higher-resistance bulb
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Flashlights: The batteries and light bulbs in a flashlight are typically connected in a
series circuit
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Applications of Parallel Circuits
o
o
o

Home electrical wiring: The outlets and appliances in our homes are connected in
parallel circuits to ensure each device receives the required voltage
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If one
light bulb burns out, the others will remain lit
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APPARATUS
1
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Connecting wires
3
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Circular box
5
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Bulb holders
7
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Tuck nails
9
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Flat and star screwdrivers
11
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Stripping knife
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The length of the wire stripped away is
equal to the length of the wire that would be inside the appliances
5)The connecting wires were connected to the live and neutral terminals of the Consumer
Control Unit
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7)The second and third switches were connected such that action on one switch neutralized
the effect on the latter switch
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10)On connection to a power socket and switch on the circuit, the bulbs lit, with a slight
difference in brightness between L3 and L4 due to the series connection, however, L1 and L2
had identical light intensity
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’
Functionality achieved:
● Master switch control: The first switch acts as the master switch, controlling the
overall power of the entire circuit
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● Two-way switching: The second and third switches are wired in a two-way
configuration, allowing the control of the four bulbs from either location
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Circuit breakdown:
The practical employed a combination of series and parallel connections for the four bulbs
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Series Connection:
● Description: In a series connection, the current flows through each bulb sequentially
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● Impact on Brightness: The voltage across each bulb in a series circuit is divided
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● Functionality in this Circuit: In the practical, the series connection controlled two
bulbs
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Parallel Connection:
● Description: In a parallel connection, each bulb has its own independent path for
electricity
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● Impact on Brightness: The voltage across each bulb in the parallel circuit was equal
to the source voltage
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● Functionality in this Circuit: The parallel connection controlled the remaining two
bulbs
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Benefits of Combined Connection:
● Flexibility: This configuration offers more control over the lighting compared to a
simple on/off switch setup for all bulbs
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You could use a series
connection for the vanity lights (where you might want all bulbs on together) and a parallel

connection for the general bathroom light
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Real-life applications:
● Stairwells: A master switch at the top and a two-way switch setup at the bottom and
top of a staircase provides convenient light control from both ends
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● Large rooms: In spacious rooms, a master switch at the entrance and two-way
switches at convenient locations allow control from different areas
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Further exploration:
This practical serves as a foundation for understanding basic lighting control circuits
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● Introducing occupancy sensors for automatic light activation
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● Improper cleat/batten installation: Cleats or battens that are not securely fastened
to the wall or ceiling can become loose, putting stress on the wires and increasing the
risk of them coming loose or breaking
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● Overloading the circuit: Cleat and batten wiring systems are often not designed for
high current loads
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● Loose connections: Over time, connections at the cleats or battens can become loose,
increasing resistance and creating a fire hazard
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CONCLUSION
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While surface wiring may not be as aesthetically pleasing as concealed wiring, it offers
significant advantages in terms of ease of installation and accessibility for maintenance
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This
setup enhances user experience by allowing easy access to lighting control, thereby
improving both functionality and safety within a given space
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It allows for the addition or modification of electrical circuits without the need
for significant structural alterations, making it an ideal solution for retrofitting older buildings
or implementing temporary setups
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RECOMMENDATION
 Leave it undisturbed (if possible): This might sound counter-intuitive, but if the batten
wiring appears to be in good condition (no visible damage, scorching, loose connections) and
isn't overloaded, it might be best to leave it alone for now
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 Inspection and Professional Help: Regardless of the state of the wiring, it's crucial to
have a qualified electrician inspect the system
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 Focus on Safety: If you have to live with batten wiring for a while, prioritize safety
measures:
● Avoid overloading circuits: Be mindful of how many appliances you use on a single
circuit
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● Regular visual inspection: Routinely check the wiring for signs of damage, fraying,
or overheating
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● Leave repairs to professionals: Don't attempt to fix or modify the wiring yourself
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REFERENCES
https://testbook
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physicsclassroom

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