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Title: Plant Transport
Description: Biology notes for plant transport including topics like the components and functions of vascular tissue, movement of water, and transpiration such as how it works, factors and mechanisms
Description: Biology notes for plant transport including topics like the components and functions of vascular tissue, movement of water, and transpiration such as how it works, factors and mechanisms
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Plant Transport Notes
Plants have an efficient transport system, involving transporting glucose produced in the leaves to other
parts of the plant as well
...
A vascular bundle is a part of the transport system in
vascular plants
...
It is a vein in the leaf that contains
conducting tissues
...
In a leaf, the xylem will usually be the upper side, with the phloem on the
lower side
...
In a stem vascular tissue, the xylem and phloem are grouped together to form a vascular bundle
...
The phloem lies outside the xylem with a tissue
called the cambium between them
...
The region between the pith and the epidermis is the cortex
...
The stem is covered by a layer of cells called the epidermis
...
In a root vascular tissue, the xylem and phloem are not bundled together and alternate each other
...
The epidermis of the roots acts as the outermost layer and these bear
root hairs
...
Parts of the Vascular Tissue
●
Phloem
Phloem is the living
tissue
that carries organic
nutrients
, e
...
sucrose
, from the leaves
to all parts of the plant
...
The phloem is
concerned mainly with the transport of soluble organic material made during
photosynthesis
,
known as translocation
...
The sap is a waterbased
solution but rich in
sugars
made by the photosynthetic areas
...
g
...
During the plant's growth
period, storage structures are sugar sources and the plant's many growing areas are sugar
sinks
...
Organic olecules
m
such as sugars,
amino acids
, certain
hormones
, and even essenger
m
RNAs
are transported in the phloem through
sieve tube elements
...
The sieve tube consists of columns of elongated, thinwalled living
cells called sieve tube elements
...
Each sieve tube element only has a
thin layer of cytoplasm and they are connected by the sieve plates
...
The companion
cells are narrow and thinwalled with many mitochondria, cytoplasm and nuclei
...
The sieve
tube cells in a sieve tube lack nucleus and vacuoles and thus, all of the cellular functions of a
sievetube element are carried out by the companion cell as they are unable to maintain
themselves
...
The holes in the sieve plates allow rapid flow of manufactured
food substances through the sieve tubes
...
It also provides mechanical support for the plant
...
The transport is
also unidirectional, from the roots to the rest of the plant
...
A
xylem vessel is a structure made up of dead cells
...
The xylem has vessel an empty lumen without protoplasm or ‘endwalls’
...
Lignin prevents collapse of the xylem vessel as it is hard and rigid
...
As root hair cells do not carry out
photosynthesis
, they do not
contain
chloroplasts ach root hair cell is a tiny hairlike outgrowth from the root cell, usually long and
...
It grows
between soil particles, coming into close contact with the soil solution
...
The high concentration of mineral salts maintains a
low water potential within the cells to facilitate the intake of water by osmosis
...
Root hair cells absorb ions through active transport when the
concentration of ions in the soil is lower than that in the root hair cell sap
...
The cell membrane prevents cell sap from leaking out, allowing the root hair cell to maintain the
constant water potential required to maintain osmosis
...
Movement of Water
●
Transpirational Pull Transpiration is the continual
evaporation
of water from the surfaces
of leaves to the atmosphere, in the form of water vapour
...
It is the main
force of moving water up the plant
...
In leaves, water continuously moves out of the mesophyll cells to form a
thin film of moisture over their surfaces
...
Water vapour accumulates in the large air spaces near the stomata
...
As water evaporates from the
mesophyll cells, the water potential of the cell sap decreases
...
These cells remove water from
the xylem vessels
...
Transpiration is linked to gaseous exchange
...
o
Factors Affecting Transpiration
▪
Size of stomata When the guard cells are turgid they open and the stomata’s
surface area to volume ratio is higher and thus evaporation is higher
...
This increases
the rate of diffusion of water vapour out of the stomata and hence increases the
rate of transpiration
...
▪
Temperature Higher temperature increases the rate of diffusion of water
vapour out of the stomata and hence increases the rate of transpiration
...
▪
Wind or Air movement Wind blows away water vapour that accumulates
outside the stomata and this maintains the concentration gradient between the
leaf and atmosphere
...
In still air, water vapour diffuses out of the leaf making the air
more humid, decreasing the rate of transpiration
...
Water therefore passes from the living cells
into the xylem via osmosis and the water flows upwards, called root pressure
...
●
Capillary Action Capillary action is the interaction of water molecules and the surfaces of the
tubes, called capillary action
...
Cohesion is the attraction force between each water molecule
...
The attraction of water
molecules to the walls is known as adhesion
...
Title: Plant Transport
Description: Biology notes for plant transport including topics like the components and functions of vascular tissue, movement of water, and transpiration such as how it works, factors and mechanisms
Description: Biology notes for plant transport including topics like the components and functions of vascular tissue, movement of water, and transpiration such as how it works, factors and mechanisms