Search for notes by fellow students, in your own course and all over the country.
Browse our notes for titles which look like what you need, you can preview any of the notes via a sample of the contents. After you're happy these are the notes you're after simply pop them into your shopping cart.
Title: Photosynthesis
Description: Biology notes for photosynthesis, includes, conditions, stages, limiting factors and the the importance of photosynthesis, glucose usage, leaf features and adaptations, transport of raw materials within plants
Description: Biology notes for photosynthesis, includes, conditions, stages, limiting factors and the the importance of photosynthesis, glucose usage, leaf features and adaptations, transport of raw materials within plants
Document Preview
Extracts from the notes are below, to see the PDF you'll receive please use the links above
Photosynthesis Notes
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert the light energy captured
from the sun into chemical energy as glucose that can be used to fuel the organism's activities
...
Photosynthesis uses the raw materials of carbon dioxide and
water, releasing excess
oxygen
into the
atmosphere as a waste product
...
The average rate of energy
capture by photosynthesis globally is immense, approximately 130
terawatts
, which is about six times
larger than the
power consumption of human civilization
...
In plants, chloroplasts are held
inside
organelles
called
chloroplasts
which are found in the palisade mesophyll, the cell most associated
with photosynthesis, which is found in the green leaf, where photosynthesis takes place
...
The rest of the energy is synthesized
with water and carbon dioxide turning into organic compounds (glucose)
...
This helps reduce a wasteful
process called
photorespiration
that can consume part of the glucose produced during photosynthesis
...
●
Chlorophyll – It is found in the chloroplasts, which is the site of photosynthesis in the leaf cell
and it absorbs light energy
...
During the night, the plant releases carbon dioxide while taking in oxygen
...
Each
stoma is made of two guard cells
...
●
Water Absorbed by the roots and travels to the leaf in the xylem
...
Many factors affect enzyme performance
...
Stages of Photosynthesis
●
LightDependent Stage Light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll and then converted into
chemical energy
...
Oxygen is released into the atmosphere while carbon dioxide is taken in
...
The energy required for photosynthesis
to take place comes from the lightdependent stage
...
12 molecules of water are split to yield 6 molecules of
oxygen and 24 atoms of hydrogen
...
As the rate of photosynthesis increases,
more oxygen is produced
...
Light Energy + Chlorophyll > Chemical Energy
Chemical Energy + Carbon Dioxide + Water > Glucose
Light Dependent
12 H
O > 6 O
+ 24 H > C
H O + 6 H
O
2
2
6 12 6
2
Light Independent
6 CO
> C6 12 6
H O + 6 H
O
2
2
Enzymes play a very important role in both stages
...
Glucose is the first stable form of carbohydrate formed in
photosynthesis that the plant can use
...
The chemical energy then synthesizes carbohydrates
from water and carbon dioxide, releasing oxygen in the process
...
Thus, it is a limiting factor until a
certain point, where the rate or photosynthesis remains constant even though the light intensity
increases
...
When the temperature remains constant and the carbon dioxide concentration is
increased, the rate of photosynthesis increases greatly, indicating that carbon dioxide concentration is
an important limiting factor
...
Thus, temperature is the most important limiting factor
...
●
Converted to Starch During daylight, the rate of photosynthesis is so great that the sugars
formed are faster than they can be used
...
Starch is
converted to glucose during the lightindependent stage to maintain glucose levels
...
g
...
●
Reacts with nitrates and other mineral salts absorbed from the soil Forms amino acids in the
leaves, which form proteins for synthesis of new protoplasm in the leaves
...
●
Forms Fats For storage, used in cellular respiration and for synthesis of new protoplasm
...
During photosynthesis, light energy is converted into chemical energy, which is stored within
carbohydrate molecules
...
All these substances eventually become the food of other organisms, thus, they
obtain chemical energy directly or indirectly from plants, because plants are producers in food
chains
...
The oxygen released is used by living organisms in respiration to
release energy for cell activities, purifying the air, maintain a constant level of oxygen and
carbon dioxide in the air
...
g
...
Burning of fossil fuels releases energy, which we use
in our daily activities
...
These eventually
become food for other organisms, directly or indirectly
...
This enables it to obtain
maximum amount of sunlight for photosynthesis and carbon dioxide also can rapidly reach the
inner cells of the leaves for photosynthesis
...
The upper
epidermis is covered on the outside by a waxy and transparent cuticle
...
It is the main
site of photosynthesis
...
It also consists of the spongy mesophyll, which has
irregular cell shape
...
Cells carry out photosynthesis but contain fewer chloroplasts than the
palisade mesophyll cells
...
It also
contains the vascular bundles
...
Like the upper
epidermis, the lower epidermis consists of a single layer of closely packed cells
covered by an outer layer of cuticle which reduces water loss through
epidermal cells
...
●
Network of veins Veins carry water and mineral salts to the cells in the lamina and carry
manufactured food from these cells to other parts of the plant
...
●
Petiole The petiole holds the lamina away from the stem so that the lamina can obtain sufficient
sunlight and air
...
●
Leaf arrangement Leaves are always organised around the stem in a regular pattern
...
This ensures that the leaves are not blocking one another from sunlight and that
each leaf receives sufficient light
...
●
Thin broad lamina Provides a short diffusion distance for gases and enables light to reach all
mesophyll cells and a large surface area for maximum absorption of light
...
●
Stomata in the lower epidermal layers Open in presence of light, allowing carbon dioxide to
diffuse in and for oxygen to diffuse out
...
Chlorophyll pigments absorb mainly blueviolet and redorange
lights
...
In each chloroplast,
there are granum (a stack of disclike structure that contain thylakoids that absorb light energy)
and the stroma (a fluid within the chloroplast membrane that binds carbon dioxide and water
with chemical energy to form glucose)
...
●
Interconnecting system of air spaces in the spongy mesophyll Allows rapid diffusion of carbon
dioxide and oxygen in and out of the cells
...
Phloem transports sugars away from the leaf
...
Under sunlight, the guard cells
photosynthesize to convert light to chemical energy
...
Water potential of the guard cells is lowered
...
This increases the
turgidity of the guard cells and causes them to become swollen
...
When they are turgid, more carbon dioxide and oxygen enter the stomata
...
Water potential in the guard
cells increase and water leaves via osmosis
...
Thus, the guard cells can regulate the rate of diffusion of gases in and out of the leaf
...
In such situations, the excess evaporation of
water causes the guard cells to become flaccid
...
As the guard cells control the
opening and closing, they regulate movement if gases in and out of the leaf
...
The surfaces of the leaves are covered by a
thin film of water so that carbon dioxide can dissolve in
...
●
Water The xylem transports water and dissolved mineral salts to the leaf from the roots
...
Title: Photosynthesis
Description: Biology notes for photosynthesis, includes, conditions, stages, limiting factors and the the importance of photosynthesis, glucose usage, leaf features and adaptations, transport of raw materials within plants
Description: Biology notes for photosynthesis, includes, conditions, stages, limiting factors and the the importance of photosynthesis, glucose usage, leaf features and adaptations, transport of raw materials within plants