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Title: Cellular Transport
Description: Biology notes for cellular processes such as diffusion, osmosis, active transport including factors for these processes
Description: Biology notes for cellular processes such as diffusion, osmosis, active transport including factors for these processes
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Cellular Transport Notes
Diffusion is the net movement of all types of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of
lower concentration, that is, down a concentration gradient
...
It is a
slow process
...
At the end of diffusion, a uniform (homogenous/equilibrium/equal) concentration
environment is formed
...
The particles
possess kinetic energy and are continually moving about
...
If there is one
substance dissolved in the same liquid, then the dissolved particles of one substance will diffuse
independently of each other
...
However, the cell membrane is not permeable but is partially permeable, which allows only certain
substances to pass through
...
g
...
Thus, the cell membrane is an important way to ensure circulation of oxygen and carbon
dioxide
...
Osmosis is the net movement of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane from a region
of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential, aiming to equalize the water concentrations
on the two sides
...
A dilute solution contains more water molecules per unit volume than a concentrated solution,
so it has a higher water potential than a solution that is concentrated
...
Although
osmosis does not require input of energy, it does use kinetic energy and can be made to do work
...
B
are partially permeable, where they
are impermeable to large and
polar
...
E
...
Plant root cells maintain a low water potential through the active transport of
mineral salts
...
Active transport is the net movement of all types of molecules against a concentration gradient, from a
region of lower concentration to higher concentration
...
Active transport uses energy (ATP),
unlike diffusion and osmosis, which does not use any type of energy
...
A carrier
protein on the cell membrane, will bind with the particle that is going to be transported
...
nce the particle is released, the protein returns to its original shape
...
g
...
A root hair, found on a
root, has a long outgrowth of a root cell
...
Water diffuses from a high potential in the soil to a low potential in the root
...
Facilitated diffusion is a process of
passive transport
(as opposed to
active transport
), with this passive
transport aided by integral membrane proteins
...
It does not require energy
...
The facilitated
diffusion may occur either across
biological membranes
or through aqueous compartments of an
organism
...
Their transport must therefore be "facilitated" by proteins that span the membrane and
provide an alternative route or bypass
...
●
water potential than
(Hypotonic
Plant Cells
solution)
●
●
solution
...
Water moves into the cell by osmosis through
partially permeable membrane
...
●
protect it
...
The cell does
not burst due to its inelastic cell wall
...
Lower water
●
The cell sap has higher
potential solution
water potential than
(Hypertonic
solution
...
●
Water from the vacuole and cytoplasm leaves
the cell by osmosis through the partially
osmosis
...
The cell shrinks and little
●
spikes appear on the cell
membrane
...
The cell decreases in size and become
flaccid
...
The cytoplasm shrinks
away from the cell wall
...
A plasmolysed cell can be
●
The cell will eventually
restored to its original state by placing it in a
become dehydrated and
solution of higher water potential
...
Same water
potential solution
(isotonic solution)
●
No net movement of water
●
No net movement of water
●
The cytoplasm will not
●
The cytoplasm will not change shape or size
change shape or size
Turgor maintains the shape if soft tissues in plants
...
When there is a high rate of evaporation, the cell
loses turgidity and wilts
...
E
...
changes
in turgor in the guard cells cause the opening and closing of the stomata
...
Cells will be killed if they remain plasmolysed for too long
...
It is unable to absorb water and together with
continued evaporation, the plant will eventually die
...
●
Surface Area to Volume Ratio The rate of movement of a substance across the surface of a cell
depends on how big the cell surface membrane is
...
As a cell grows both its volume and surface area increase
...
Thus, with a smaller ratio, cellular transport will be less efficient as there is less
surface area to absorb substances for that amount of volume
...
g
...
Such cells have long narrow protrusions or folds in their membranes, greatly
increasing surface area of the cell membrane
...
Cellular Processes
●
Endocytosis Brings macromolecules, large particles, small molecules, and even small cells into
the eukaryotic cell
...
In all three, the plasma membrane absorbs materials from the
environment, forming a small pocket
...
This vesicle
separates from the plasma membrane and migrates with its contents to the cell’s interior
...
●
Exocytosis Materials packaged in vesicles are secreted from a cell when the vesicle membrane
fuses with the plasma membrane
...
The phospholipid regions of the
two membranes merge, and an opening to the outside of the cell develops
...
Title: Cellular Transport
Description: Biology notes for cellular processes such as diffusion, osmosis, active transport including factors for these processes
Description: Biology notes for cellular processes such as diffusion, osmosis, active transport including factors for these processes