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Title: BioPsychology
Description: The study of the nervous system and how it relates to observable behavior. Prof. Schenkein, Touro College. I received an A on the exam after compiling my notes.
Description: The study of the nervous system and how it relates to observable behavior. Prof. Schenkein, Touro College. I received an A on the exam after compiling my notes.
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PSY 351 N
1
Bio-‐Psychology
PSY 351 N
Biopsychology
Dr
...
05
...
Examples: increasing heart rate/blood pressure
...
Everything you can see/do/think, there is something that does it
for you
...
o Systems in your brain for memory, reasoning, anticipation
o Example: app (like for a phone)
• Everybody comes with lots of apps, but they’re not all the same
...
• After learning this it makes us a little more kind – because we realize people were born
that way
...
• People abused have much harder time developing
• Cause and effect: does bio cause behavior or does your behavior cause your biology?
o Example: homosexuals
...
In male homosexuals, there are
areas in their brain more similar to the female brain
...
• Cause & effect: you feel good when baby smiles at you
...
There’s reciprocity
...
Some people are more likely to have these
things caused for them simply because of the way they were designed
...
• Drug revolution have changed what people consider themselves
• Consciousness – nobody knows what it is
...
We know your levels of consciousness change, and some disorders wipe out
consciousness
...
PhD
...
Dualism
a
...
Your mind/soul is introduced to body
b
...
Mind owned by church, body owned by state
...
Monism
a
...
There is nothing but your body
...
• This began Age of Enlightenment, where the “Laws of Parsimony” which says if you can
explain something simply, don’t invoke a higher more complicated explanation
...
But when we got rid of
notion of soul, we realized humans function similarly to animals
...
Present day: How do we study the brain?
• Problems:
o Things happening in nervous system are fast – time that we understand it
...
How many
events have happened in our brain in order for a though to manifest itself?
Talking about stuff that take a millisecond to occur
...
Gross Anatomy: take off scull and see what’s in there (i
...
: open roof of top and see
what’s inside)
a
...
b
...
e
...
So a fixative is anything you can throw
an organ into in order to harden it
...
c
...
(i
...
: tissue being injected into nerve) once you stain something, you can
photograph, and see the shape of things
...
Neural doctrine – came out from what they saw through stains
...
once you can trace nerve like this, when you did slicing, you can see
stained area, because you have a way of observing
...
iii
...
Example:
cochlear implant
...
iv
...
That does not
enable you how to repair it
...
You can
look at things, but what do they really do?
2
...
They believed your functions are localized under these bumps
a
...
Notion behind it of ‘localization of function’ actually is true, just not the ones
they listed on their map
...
Ablation/Lesion –
a
...
Someone who does ablation has a knife,
and addresses tissue
...
Lesion – not only caused by ablation
...
Ablation
is an example of lesion
...
i
...
they wanted
to see if there were differences in soldiers who had front head injuries vs
...
Someone formerly had a normal brain and does not any longer
...
Can also be studied on autopsies
...
iii
...
Technique to overcome problems: do it on animals
1
...
You’re basically studying a car by throwing away a steering wheel
...
3
...
He
wanted to know where is memory localized in the brain? Idea at
that time: there’s a place (secret pocket) where you put
everything you learned
...
You can measure the length of time before and after
learning
...
He didn’t find location of learning, because it
didn’t seem to matter which 10% of the brain
...
Reasoning: there is some back up system that enables
PSY 351 N
4
animal to find food, but that doesn’t mean that the other systems
weren’t necessary
...
Motor via muscles, olfactory via
changes in smell
...
but it doesn’t mean that because you could
remove part of the brain, that removed part wasn’t used
...
That’s
learning to the brain
...
)
09
...
2012
anatomy-‐ looking at brain
...
But they drew pictures and
had some ideas
...
o Phineas Gage: real worker
...
Once he recovered, he was a mess
...
Whatever went through his head totally changed his personality
...
This is lesion method – he sustained it
...
We get it after the event
...
But that doesn’t mean if that is removed you can’t function, you
could
...
What you can’t know how the animal feels because it cant communicate
with you to let you know how you affected him
...
You’re seeing pressure on brain from
swelling, not brain damage
o Brain may become infected, so you see result of infection, not that animal can’t
do something
...
He thought: you
must have affected their memory, bec now they can’t remember where
their food is
...
But in reality, Becky & Lucy had infections in their frontal
lobe
§ Moniz: if memory in front of brain, then bad memory in front, if we
remove it then we will remove basis for psychiatric illness – they began
removing frontal lobotomy and turned them into zombies
...
“One flew over the cookoo’s nest” movie regarding this idea
...
Next field that began investigating brain: Electrophysiology
...
Recording
2
...
This will pick up electrical currents in our body
if it is connected to use
...
They were put on external skull
...
It’s picking up millions of cells (i
...
flying over Yankee
stadium and hearing everyone screaming “woah
...
)
− So they created micro electrodes: tiny, fragile, you can’t see the end of them
...
First way in which they studied the brain with electrodes, is called EEG (electro encephala (brain
in French) Gram (writing))
...
When a person has a seizure, they
often lose control
...
Frequency: 10 times a second
...
− Use micro electrodes on which cells are the culprit, and then you can just burn those
out
...
à conventional wisdom that brain cells
don’t reproduce
...
Back to EEGs:
− Earliest: look at output of brain, for clusters/bunches/what kind of brain waves you see
...
Meaning: you have a peak
(best level of function) and a trough (lowest point of functioning)
...
A trough is when you need a break of
studying
...
e
...
You have to use your peak when it comes, so you can get
something done at your best
...
They measure their EEG
levels: it is:
• Alpha: alert
• Bata: more relaxed
Most people go very quickly into Stage 4 sleep – big waves, and spend a great deal of time
there from the 90-‐minute cycle
...
If you wake someone up from a stage 4 sleep, they don’t know
what’s going on, it’s confusing
...
This is when children grow
...
Next:
Stage 2 sleep – what elderly have
...
It has spindles in it
...
Why do we sleep? It’s not to rest, because brain is very active during sleep
...
What is the eye movement? Even blind people have these motions so it’s not clear it’s
symbolic for seeing
...
What’s the contradiction? Person is asleep but
brain waves looks like they’re awake
...
§
Possibilities that can exist in any situation:
Left brain: can be either
1
...
Clear thought
2
...
Loose thought
Right brain:
1
...
Dreams
2
...
Loose dreams
During day, we resist REM sleep because we need to be conscious of where we are
...
EEG invaluable in studying sleep
...
But they had no
idea why things happened
...
The
dream is that you’re in a room and you can’t figure the rest out
...
Evoked Response
a
...
If you try to find it in an EEG though, you won’t be able to see it,
because there is so much going on in EEGs you can’t find it
...
b
...
09
...
2012
Microelectrodes
Hubel & Weisel conducted study: they opened skull of kittens and forced eye to stay open
with clamps, positioned head so eye looking at screen, and stuck electrode to go to back of
head, lowered with a stereotaxic instrument
...
When light is in certain position, and all of a
sudden there’s a response, and then it moves again and then response again, they know
this particular cell responds to light in a particular area – wherever there was a
response
...
− They did this for millions of cells à won a nobel prize for this
...
The RF all varied in sizes
− So you have the whole range covered
− This was accomplished with microelectrodes (tiny)
− Concept of recording – getting info from brain
− Not every area gives you info, some areas are waiting for info
...
But the ones that don’t respond to sense – are silent because
they’re not responding to what you’re doing
...
He used to pass small currents through brains to see the
action of certain parts
...
He would stimulate
small areas and have somebody recording the response
...
PSY 351 N
8
o he was stimulating his sister’s brain because she had a tumor
...
It seemed these cells were
keys to different memories
...
The most important area protected is the speech center-‐ the
important one in the temporal lobe
...
So he stimulated different areas because he wanted to make sure
he wasn’t affecting that
...
Olds & Milner study
MFB – hypothalamus
− He stuck electrode into MFB, gave rats control (press button) to get shock to MFB
...
Start them with shock and button
to press; he liked that over everything else
...
This was it – it got what it wanted
− Tried with people dying of cancer, and the people said “wow this is great”
− This bypasses everything – all prep before any pleasure (no prep for food, no calling
friend to make plans to go out
...
Apparently it can
turn somebody into a puppet
...
Ways To Study The Brain With Chemicals: Pharmacological Drugs:
− Some have been discovered accidentally (Marijuana, Cocaine)
− What’s the difference with and without the drug
o Children with ADD: before treatment was discovered, these children were
out of control and were never allowed in school
o One day they all trickled into class and acting fine, apologizing for acting up,
o Next day they’re terrors, and later on they came in okay! So people followed
them: and they took amphetamines, which is why they created Ritalin
...
You see people who normally have trouble in
school, all of a sudden perform well in school
...
Behavior is your data
− Sodium Amytal – puts one side of your brain to sleep, depending on which artery
the medication is injected in
...
− Neuro-‐pharmacologists – study how brain deals with drugs
6
...
− Handy in ww2 – can see where bullets were in gunshot injuries
...
Problem: it’s not a 3D, still picture
...
But
what you really want to know: is the blood flow interrupted?
− You want to know if there is a pool of blood leaking out, or not
...
The area that is doing
that action (speak/read/walk) will utilize the fuel, and you will see the part of
the brain that is using the fuel
...
MRI
− Primarily contemporarily used
− Principle: all our molecules are magnetic
...
They were able to see that
...
− When people are depressed, depression center lights up
...
19
...
It’s a
disease process where part of the brain is vanishing in the d/o
...
Unless you compare to a normal brain
...
Psychophysical
...
You ask the person if they see what you show them
...
If yes, good
...
b
...
c
...
i
...
: you want to know what pigeons see
...
Then you change
the colors of doors randomly
...
8
...
Involves testing – people have issues ever since something happened
...
These tests are not sensitive to small differences in function
...
Example: you send someone to
the grocery store to test if they can function
...
Ray complex figure – people are asked to copy something they are looking at
...
But then they are told to copy it again by memory,
without looking at the model
...
Use this assessment to understand what is going on and to help a person make
decisions in their lives
e
...
Anatomy of Human System – telling you locations
− Caudal – Rostral
...
o Caudal=tail, Rostral=Beak
− Posterior -‐ Anterior
o Anterior = front, posterior = back of brain
o (Nose is anterior to cheeks)
PSY 351 N
11
− Dorsal – Ventral
o Dorsal=back, ventral = belly
o Dorsal nerves enter from back
...
Ventral roots are closer to your interior
− Lateral – Medial
o Medial=middle, lateral=side
o i
...
: (this is the most lateral=this is the most to the side/outer)
− Superior – Inferior
o Superior=on top, inferior=below
o I
...
: “this structure is superior to that structure” = this structure is above the
inferior ones
...
– You see the full front
− Saggital
o Profile
o If you cut the person in midline so you have two symmetrical halves, you will see
the very front and back of brain – the profile
− Horizontal
o Birds eye view
o Perpendicular to ground
When you look at a picture of brain, you need somebody to orient you and see what you’re
looking at
...
It enables
your 1400 gram brain to weigh 40 grams by floating
...
The brain needs this, if you remove it for medical tests, there are severe
headaches
...
− Blood going through brain, and gets to:
− Blood brain barrier (BBB)/Choroid plexus
− Blood is filtered so red blood cells can’t get into it, only plasma can
...
It’s like a private
club
...
The rest of things that are not
exclusive are outside it
...
Top: BBB lies, and blood filters into these ventricles
...
It’s only select things that are there
...
− The ventricles are sacks, they are storage
PSY 351 N
12
− When a test is done on CSF, they take it from spine – it’s a spinal tap
...
It’s supposed to
be sterile
...
The fluid is a way of monitoring what is
inside the brain, you know where it has been
...
If it didn’t have CSF, it would be empty sacks
...
− They don’t always go completely down
...
This specific design is not very
intelligent, when the chokepoint is clogged, leads to condition called hydrocephalus:
water on the brain = CSF trying to get down cannot, because it is blocked
...
So procedures now drain the fluid
...
CSF
looks like water, and people named it that
...
Thomas Eddison had it, some brilliant people have it and their brains function normally
...
It has to drain, it normally continuously drains, and
it goes normally
...
Bec in a baby the head
expands to accommodate the CSF, so the head gets bigger
...
So, in order to treat
this: they put in a shunt/tube
...
This nourishes
the brain and treats it
− Rest of brain is nourished by blood
...
Blood
20% of body’s blood goes to brain
brain weighs 15%
brain is major consumer of stuff blood brings – oxygen
sadly, brain cannot store anything
...
After 6 seconds without oxygen in brain, somebody goes unconscious
these numbers mean when you have used up all the oxygen used up in lungs and rest of body
...
But when you use THAT up, you
begin gasping for air
...
Effects: whatever cells lived in region of blocked blood vessel, are in trouble
...
à another blood vessel can still be working
...
Middle ones are half okay – if they are getting half their
oxygen from other blood vessels
...
There is no recovery of nerve cells, at this moment in time
...
After they die: process called autolysis
...
Takes few hours for this to happen, so we now have drugs to prevent the next level of damage
– those cells that would have been damaged (the anyways compromised cells) by the autolysis
...
Because if it’s not treated the person is dead within a few hours
− Compromised cells – not doing anything
− The blockage: at a certain time, the blood supply will regrow
...
− The moment someone has a stroke: what you see will be the worst it will ever be
...
Brain has two circulations:
1
...
Brings fuel and oxygen to parts of brain
b
...
Resists gravity
2
...
Relies on gravity – starts at top and goes down
b
...
Lining of brain:
− Everything in our bodies is gift-‐wrapped
...
1
...
Tough membrane, if sliced: CSF comes out
b
...
Achrachniod Space
a
...
In the rest of
the room is CSF, but the connection – this Achrachiod space, connects Dura
to Pia
...
Between the two, you reduce impact of injury
3
...
Intimate with top of brain – it’s the floor, follows everything
...
This lining is susceptible to infection
PSY 351 N
14
c
...
Meningitis is infection of one of these
...
If there is infection, then brain tissue below meninges can die
...
Bacterial can be treated, viral cannot
...
24
...
It means what’s in you will have lots of
information going in it
...
Once you have the info what will you do about it? “locked in”
means people are locked in they can’t move, they have lack o fuse of sensory output
− You need motor system – it’s speaking, motion, all the things you want to do
− Deprivation on either end is horribly punishing
...
CNS (central nervous system)
− Consists of brain and spinal cord
o Damage to CNS is irreversible – we don’t have a way or repairing it
...
PNS (peripheral nervous system)
− Those nervous fibers which leave your spinal cord – connect in spinal cord but their
function is outside of it, and they go to your arms, legs and rest of body
− there can be a restoration of injury – transplants… nerves can regrown and be
innovative
− why the difference in recover?
o Schwann Cell – tube that surrounds nerve
...
It can reattach to the muscles it
used to be attached to
...
o there are no Schwann cells in CNS
CNS; spinal cord – why you need your spinal cord:
− compare it to a subway system
− uptown tracks – going toward brain (‘my feet are on the ground, the ground is cold
...
They have to
interact constantly: lets say you want to drink something
...
Now you execute a different plan – lift it to
your mouth not your eyeball and not your cheek, its because of the communication
...
It leaves and enters whenever it makes sense
...
This is all about getting
information to your brain
− Spine: bony structure
...
The bone around it is called Lamina –
supportive rings around it that allow nerves to leave
...
The Lamina can put pressure on the fibers that leave
...
And calcium holds up your spine and bones
...
It also has muscles and nerves
...
= behavior that is
organized at the level of your spinal cord
...
You’re trying to find your center of
gravity, and any position which results in stopping a fall, will be preserved
...
This is all automatically balanced in your brain
− Example: a whole bunch of people are holding a canoe on top of their heads
...
it’s just natural that they do that
...
It calculates all this
...
− If there is a disconnect between brain and spinal cord, you can still have some type of
reflexes
...
The thing is they can move
...
And other fibers that live in muscles tell the brain what the position is – those
travel back and forth from body to spinal cord
...
e
...
All systems are devoted to getting you
out of there
o you’re in sympathetic mode, until you run out of fuel, and then you go into red
alert
o if you don’t stop to rest, you die
o it enables you to escape if you can
o problem with our sns = evolutaionary systems but they also react if you’re late to
school, or speak in public
...
your body is preparing for an injury
...
Our levels of lability differs
...
they perceive things
as emergencies
o reciprocal inhibition; when you go into sympathetic, you shut off
parasympathetic
...
But there are those who say that some people
can’t shut off sympathetic, so they’re always freaking out
...
e
...
It doesn’t ask you for your permission, it doesn’t negotiate with
you
...
PSY 351 N
17
Medulla; Brain Stem, Pons
...
It’s the ICU for your
body, it supports your life
...
The brain swelled because of an internal injury which
caused it to bleed
...
Name of
this condition: Coma
...
10
...
2012
− If you get a gunshot injury in medulla, you’re gone
...
What does it do? Alerts brain
...
It
doesn’t matter what the input
...
Without this area, you’re a zombie
...
If you remove arousal
from brain, then only PRF is left and the brain is asleep
...
The P in
PRF stands for Pontine
...
− Within the PRF, you have REM sleep and non-‐REM
...
During day, clock favors MRF, so you’re up
...
If you’re sleeping
but you need to wake up because something is on fire, the input from MRF will wake
you up, so opportunities are available to override the PRF
...
− Cerebellum: steering wheel
...
Without full development of it, there’s no resistance to gravity
...
Because you can’t maintain a proper balance
...
On the other extreme, monkeys have an
extremely large cerebellum
...
− Another name for a bird is a flying cerebellum
...
People in Olympics have larger cerebellum but it’s also “use it or lose it” if you don’t use
your abilities you’ll lose it
...
in the body, collections of cells like this, it’s called organs
...
− As we go up the brain, meet a place called the midbrain
...
Superior is related to vision, bottom
(inferior) is related to hearing
...
They enable
you to shift your attention from sound to sight and back
...
You shift your attention and you’re not listening to voice behind you
...
When you’re scanning a list for your
name, colliculi enable you to find your own name without reading everybody else’s
...
− The ability to do that is critical
...
e
...
You go onto the
side/corner
...
(missed a drop)
− we don’t get by with smell as much as creatures do
...
− Limbic system has to do with learning and memory
...
− This is an area now hot in research because nobody knows how it works
...
The limbic system
ties together smells with emotions
...
When a dog
meets you, you give it your hand, it smells you and it determines if it knows you, if it
knows you and it’s bad it will growl at you
...
it has to
determine via smell what it has in its databank about you
...
It’s responsible for the fear
component
...
It’s important in social dominance
...
10
...
2012
review
...
Since info goes
into thalamus, w/o thinking
...
Nobody knows where consciousness is, but
these areas come in without awareness, so they do some preliminary process and will alert you
something is going on
...
e
...
-‐things that occur at this level are very fast
...
CORTEX – bark
...
They’re the ins and outs
...
Reason we have all these grooves is to increase surface area
...
e
...
that’s what the brain does
− Place where the grooves are is a stereotype: it’s in landmarks
...
You enable more processing to go on
...
Noticed they don’t all look
the same
...
As they went through the cortex,
they found the cells are different, depending on what the cells had to do
...
− So map was created of brain which identified clusters of these different properties
(when you’re on the plane and you see different areas of green and brown and
buildings
...
they
looked at soldiers with gunshot wounds to the head and tried to localize it in one
dimension
...
o Occipital lobe: it’s an upside, inverted map of the visual world
...
It turns images upside down
...
So the right side of
the world goes to the left side of your brain, and vice versa
...
o It’s a point for point localization – if you lose upper right of your brain, then you
lose the lower left of your visual field
...
When there’s brain damage, they lose an entire portion from each eye
(because it’s the same portion) that’s actually how they know the injury is in
your brain and not from your eye
PSY 351 N
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o Each eye sees the entire world, each eye goes to both sides of the world, but the
brain only sees half the world
...
BUT if there’s a very small amount of occipital lobe damage, you don’t
notice it, because you’re able to move your eyes and see what’s there, we can
compensate
...
Goes from your left ear to your right ear
...
o Sensory functions in temporal lobe: hearing
...
i
...
:
it’s a keyboard
...
Every auditory frequency is
arranged according to its sound
...
If it’s language, it will be analyzed in
vernickes, on left side
...
o Central app in vernickes area is mother tongue
...
i
...
: knows the word table, and understands the concept
...
o You can understand music of language even if you don’t understand the
language – you pick up the tone, if they’re happy or not
...
You can say “nice to see you” in a nice and mean form, and you’ll
know because it’s conveyed in the tone, in right side of brain, from prosody
...
o Temporal lobe is beginning of putting memory into your brain you need this
place in order to begin learning
...
It’s located in temporal
lobe
...
− Parietal Lobe: spatial analyzer
o Sense it has: somatosensory: it picks up your body
...
Left side of your body goes to the right of
your somatosensory cortex
...
Little man that’s drawn in
proportion to your brain
o Every point of your body has a representation in your brain, but it’s not
proportionate
...
o This is basic input
...
PSY 351 N
21
− Important because you learn “what’s me, and what’s not me?” the
difference between feeling your numb face and your regular face
...
We have skin receptors
...
If someone is
paralyzed, you can touch them all day but they wont realize because
their skin receptors there are dead
...
2) Need to know where on you? Left/right?
3) Your left and right with relation to someone else
...
v
...
4) Between other things
...
You’re removing yourself from the equation
...
Not you or anything about you
...
o Dyslexia is a reading disability – your left brain decodes spatial appearance of
letters
...
10
...
12
− PTO: where all things come together in your brain
...
Using the PTO
− Right parietal syndrome/Left Hemi Inattention
...
i
...
: child
with ADHD couldn’t draw a proper clock – you get half of things
...
Half the world doesn’t exist for them, they can’t focus on the
whole of things
...
You only have access to one side
...
the problem is in the right
side but they don’t see the left side because of last lecture’s idea of everything crossing
over – right to left, left is right, etc
...
− left brain: has right world
− right brain: has left and right world
− if you lose your left brain, you still have backup, because your right has left and right
...
− The idea of this is not that they can’t see the other side, it’s just like a bear is in front of
you and btw in the background there are people standing there
...
So one side is
so predominant to them they don’t focus on the other at all
...
On the other side of the brain: on the frontal lobe, not
parietal
...
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22
− Tongue, voice box, fingers, enormous here
...
− When people have no arms, no legs, they use whatever is left
...
− Motor Homunculus: you’re touched in the parietal, and the motor knows to move it
...
You need to feel something to register that
you need to move
...
− Why do we have such a big area for fingers?
o Imagine control panel in theater/lights in classroom
...
If you want to control all parts of room, you need all three switches, if
you only want one area, you use only one, etc
...
If you have
fingers, you’ll play pick-‐up sticks better than playing it with your nose
− You need Broca’s Area: has even more fine tuning you need for language
...
So you buy some room
on broca’s area to set up shop for additional speech
...
” Ability to articulate
...
− Wenicke’s is in the temporal lobe and that’s responsible for the recepting, you receive
everything
...
It’s a language area, in motor mostly, not exclusively
...
− People who have damage to Broca’s area do spoonerism: instead of “put your hat on
the table” they say “put your tat on the hable” motor coordination issue
...
− Frontal eye fields: motor special because they move your eyes
...
Like the camera crew
...
But as you get close to frontal lobe, it’s getting to the area of:
− prefrontal lobe: ours is larger than any other species
...
It’s also the area that is most likely to be injured in a
car accident
...
o If you have disturbing thought, you need it to say “stop thinking about it”
o Inhibition is related to motion
...
They have an inability to restrain themselves
...
It’s asleep
...
− You need gas and breaks
...
Somewhere in the prefrontal lobe with
most people they have the break – you thought of something but don’t say it
...
− When people are extremely tired or drunk, their inhibition is extremely low
...
− Now they’re able to find areas such as the orbitofrontal area: decides whether
something is wrong
...
People who have OCD’s alarm button keeps
going off
...
Among things we know that go on in frontal lobe: Frontal f(n)s [functions]:
1
...
Delegates -‐ authority to rest of staff to get things done
...
b
...
c
...
05
...
6 of them
...
Frontal has executive functions
...
It’s not always obvious, it can
happen through exercise or sleep, etc
...
You need something like that, i
...
: a scratch pad – the frontal lobe
...
Essentially it’s about planning, controlling, thinking
...
The larger, the better organized you are,
the more it matures and the more appropriate decisions you can make
...
As you learn something well, a lot of the behavior becomes automatic
...
But eventually looking in the mirror
and front isn’t a huge deal
...
i
...
: if you habitually get off train at 59th street, and one day you need to get off
at 70th instead, but if you’re not paying attention you’ll probably get off at 59th just because it’s
out of habit
...
Planned administration: function of a certain type of intelligence
...
Social emotions: appropriateness of your emotions
...
You can
understand a situation so you know how to interact and engage
...
Also the alcohol depresses the frontal lobe
so you say things that may be inappropriate for the time
...
If you don’t have the restraint, you say stupid things quickly
...
Perseveration: (perseverate – persevere – do something over and over) when you have
frontal lobe, it enables you to stop what you’re doing
...
It’s unnecessary though,
although sometimes it pays off – when you’re looking for something and can’t find it,
you need to keep looking
...
to whole brain: right and left need to be involved now
...
So both sides of your brain is
informed
homologous: similar in position, so they’re the same on both sides
...
They thought it would reduce the number of seizures
...
Because seizures are like playing ping pong – you
need both sides
...
e
...
When you cut the corpus collosum, you dissociate the left from right
...
So because right is silent, it doesn’t speak for itself, so
when you ask someone a question, the left answers
...
The 2 sides of brain:
LEFT
RIGHT
Conscious
unconscious
Detail
silent
Linear: a-‐>b-‐>c-‐>d
Non-‐linear: global
temporal
Dream
logical
Music
sequential
art
spatial
Body language
Prosody=music of speech
With linear, temporal
...
it’s logical… there’s an order
...
e
...
It doesn’t matter if it
3:57 or 4:30, it’s not time to get up
...
The right brain sees a forest, the left brain sees the trees
...
Left brain occupations are
accountants and lawyers, whereas artists and massage therapists
...
Reading other people’s
intentions is necessary
...
Men have fewest connections, then women
have more fibers, and gay men have even more, the most
...
Best combination is a lot of communication between the two sides
...
07
...
Every group of cells in nervous system is different
...
Coming out of it is called
the axon and axon terminals
It’s a one-‐way street
They played with it because they put soma into voltage source and meter with needle, so if it’s
not in the cell, needle is pointing up, but If you stick it in cell the meter moves around
Electrode = broken wire
...
What completes circuit is the cell
...
Name of voltage is resting potential, i
...
: 70 voltage
...
So you plan around with it
...
When you get here, you don’t get same scenario as before where you control it
...
The total though (190) is strong volt
...
It
has a certain package size
...
And also K+
(Potassium) these are the players in the nerve response
...
Even though you have Sodium, it’s still negative because there’s more Cl
...
(i
...
: if I smoke, the smoke moves from me to the rest of the room)
Receptor sites/dendritic spines
...
The more doors
you have, that’s good hardware, the better your nervous system functions
...
The NaCl and K+
want to come in or out
...
Cl wants
PSY 351 N
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to go out but its too big for door, so it stays in
...
These are all
potential openings
In cell, sodium potassium pump
...
when Na comes in, cell makes change
...
Meanwhile, when Na comes in and K+ didn’t leave yet, the cell is very
positive, and that’s why it shot up to 120
...
As long as you didn’t reach threshold, it won’t reach status quo
...
When you get to threshold, you can’t maintain equilibrium
...
Axon hillock is the accountant of cell
...
When it reaches -‐55, axon hillock says WOAH so it pulls
switch, and all doors open in nerve cell
...
Now you have huge change in voltage, so you get mad increase, which we call
action potential
...
cell is resting
What’s happening in rest of cell? It’s a circle of +120
...
This portion of nerve cell (right) is resting at -‐70 because action potential just
happened on that side of body
...
So in the
area the Cl left (it was negative, but not anymore) so now that area becomes more positive
...
You end up with positive charge of 120
...
It’s
a domino effect
...
e
...
The same Is with the nerve, every area will get involved
...
Now, the axon terminal is the end of the line, so what happens there? (last hut on fire)
there are little circular structures called synaptic vecsicles
...
SV are like submarines
...
This is in the axon terminal, which as
SV/submarines
...
They live here because water infested with sharks
...
Among the things that change when voltage comes in is calcium
...
On other side are dendrites of other nerves (which has doors)
You’re the sailor in the synapse
...
They were spit out by the
SV, the SV stays
...
NT is shaped like a key
...
They will fuse, and becomes an electrical event which causes the door to
open
...
Once door open, Na wants to leave, voltage is changing locally
...
Each NT has different keys that match different keyholes’
PSY 351 N
27
When AP goes down nerve, causes SV to migrate to synapse/space
...
Given neuron contains only one NT
...
If I speak English, all my words
are English
...
When it opens, a lot comes in…
In synapse, there are only positive signs
...
You NEED a break
pedal” so we need negative signs too
...
Inhibitory works by hyperpolarizing the membrane
...
Inhibitory ones live in synapse
...
NT is a way that one nerve can decide what the next nerve is doing
...
Opening the door/lots of doors, is
way of getting AP into next nerve, so chain of events could continue all over the place
...
= all the snowballs you threw, you can
take back
...
A lot of what we call diseases is really a NT disorder/imbalance
11
...
12
NTs
• Given nerve always gives a certain type of NT
• there will be behavioral problems if you someone has an abnormal amount of NTs
• before NTs were discovered, there were certain plants that had effects on nerves, so
there were early experiments that were done – i
...
: hallucinogens
...
• Only thing you can determine is the behavior
...
You learn about
the drug from the behavior
...
They don’t know who will and won’t react
...
i
...
: one person can react to
Prozac but not Zoloft
...
This is called genomic medicine, or
personalized medicine
...
So neuron’s are
either
Presynaptic and postsynaptic – based on the side/end they are
...
• When a NT comes down the axon in the synaptic vesicles, it has to say in SV because if it
escaped, it would get gobbled up by the MAO (sharks) we have a mechanism like that
because if every time you had a leak many things would be going on that unauthorized
by action potential – which is the decision in nervous system, a green light that says you
can keep going on
...
This is great if you have lots of NT
...
If you don’t make enough NT, you don’t want to waste it
...
Mood disorder where someone doesn’t have NT – you give them MAO inhibitor (certain
kinds of drugs) so it stops the policeman from eating you up
...
MAOs are the
policemen to make sure you don’t go out the door to get eaten up
...
If someone is depressed – they lack NT, so
they take MAO inhibitors which increases their NT level and they’re not depressed
anymore
...
• MAO inhibitors are very specific (it’s like ‘cheese’) it only affects one type of NT
...
e
...
• Concrete example applies to other drugs as well, not just anti depressants: going to
party in Hamptons
...
So someone played a
joke, made up a random address where people were chilling on porch
...
But then some
people left because no one else was coming, but right when they left the next car came
...
So in order to have a party, you take away the car keys
from people so they can’t leave
...
e
...
Prozac & Zoloft
Dirty drugs when someone takes it, they get tons of NT effected
...
You don’t really know what you’re doing – i
...
: Cocaine
...
They’re natural; plants have this
...
They’re specific to one NT
system
...
They’re all like Mr
...
But they all have the same body
...
It’s sort of a rule in pharmacology
...
How? Substantia Nigra (SN) is what you’re taking lets say,
Dopamine for
...
If you have an issue with one of those circuits – motor/reward center, both end
up being effected by the drug you take for the SN
...
e
...
ECT – electric shock, you put electrodes on head and put voltage through it
...
Depression lifts right away, because shock is jump-‐
start and causes lots of NT to get into synapse
...
5-‐HT is made out of Tryptophan – high concentrations in milk and turkey
...
So if the tryptophan makes you hungry, turkey will
make you hungry most likely
...
IF muscles want the food cause they’re hungry, they’ll take it first and it won’t
go to brain (which is why you’re really eating it) that’s why you’re supposed to eat a carb with
protein, so protein goes to brain while carb goes to muscles to give energy
POST SYNATPICALLY – other side of nerve
If you want to help NT
Valium – (GABA agonist)
...
It’s
an inhibitory NT, if you put it in a circuit, it will relax you – you need it to turn off activity
...
Classic GABA is benzodiazepine
...
People give this
to people for going into surgery
...
When you have too many NT, you want to block
...
Parkinson’s people don’t have enough DA
...
They never found someone with both of those disorders
...
But they realized when they gave people drugs for schizophrenia and too much
made them develop Parkinson’s
...
Class of drugs for people with schizophrenia are all called phenylthiazines
...
Part of post synaptic mechanisms:
Second messenger system
• Until now, everything was a direct message system
...
• Second messenger system though is an indirect route
...
Diff NT, goes by different route
...
So this molecule/butler is NOT the NT, and will open the
PSY 351 N
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30
door, so the NT can get called back and it doesn’t matter because the door can be kept
open for a longer amount of time because the molecule is keeping it open, which means
you’re more likely to get action potentials
...
The molecule that shuts the door (PDE) ends this cycle
...
CAFFEINE
• When doorman has door open, and someone is about to hit the butler to close the door,
but caffeine doesn’t allow that door to close/that shutting down system to close
...
• They give you positive effects
• How do you get addicted though?
• When you have system where you’re used to having a certain amount of NT in synapse,
but because you have taken cocaine, you have an extra NT there
...
So the temptation is to keep
taking the cocaine, because it’s causing more NT to get out to synapse and preventing it
from being taken back
...
e
...
You can see who’s coming from where
...
Then train station is built so you only allow one door, not two
...
When it wasn’t necessary to have walls, you
didn’t, but as influx of customers increased, you built walls to protect yourself
...
If you give drop of cocaine – you do get benefit of NT, but at some point cell
will begin to protect itself, so if the cell had 10 receptor sites, some will be deactivated
(like some walls were created) so it decreases effective action in synapse
...
Because the cell is not being overloaded,
and it’s therefore not getting high, after taking the same dosage of a drug at a certain
point
...
This is more money though
...
But if the person can’t afford any drugs,
then he feels deprived, and his receptor sites are closed
...
• This period takes 2-‐3 days, called cold turkey, and it opens up receptor sites
• Why does it kill you?
• It’s asking for energy – cocaine is an activator
...
It’s a loan
...
How? You must eat and sleep
...
So they don’t pay their loans back and end up dying of heart
failure
...
They not only learn about the drugs, they learn who took it with
them, where they go tit, and what kind of place
...
i
...
: two kinds of rats,
both addicted to rats
...
And
they give it the dosage he used to get
...
Result: Rat A survives,
Rat B died
...
So animal is already primed for his drug, and needs it
...
If you give it to the animal, it’s
okay because it protected itself
...
11
...
12
All along the Axon, there’s a fatty sheet that surrounds all myelinated nerves, called the Myelin
sheath
...
Nerve, without considering myelin
...
Then chloride gets pulled over, etc
...
e
...
If there was
no door, chloride wouldn’t’ tbe there and be able to reach its threshold
...
The person who is catching can’t stand
further than I can throw
...
= This is a way of speeding up conduction
Saltatory conduction = jumping from one node to another
...
We’re not born with all our nerves myelinated
...
Our nerves myelinate at a certain rate, so at age 1
babies have around enough myelination to sit up
...
all development is dependent upon the
growth of myelination
...
People with ADD get a little better as they grow, because their brain myelinates more
...
But we don’t know how to increase myelin
...
When myelin is lost, patch of nerve below it is a local train, ‘you can’t throw the ball far, you
can only pass it from one person close to the other’ when the next patch of nerve or myelin is
not eroded, you can throw the ball again/it’s a fine way of thinking again
...
PSY 351 N
32
But with MS, it’s progressive, so many slow down, and then overall all activity slows down
...
Lets say there are 8 cells responsible for activation AP, 2 can be
degenerative and still be fine because you only need 6 functional
...
But once that 6th and 7th get better, then the person
enters Remission – symptoms disappear
...
Like coming out of wheel chair to walking slow
...
Reduction of function – when you ‘delay a train so all slow ones can catch this’
Aging: getting methyl group inactivated
...
Can’t activate them later
...
Working on science now to be able to remove methyl group
...
Another problem with myelin is not only building but attacking it in MS
...
When you eat meat, you don’t attack it
...
Pattern of methyl groups differ in identical twins even, which accounts for the differences
between them
...
When they can’t,
you lose function
...
If you’re close to electrical field, something close will have action
potential also , even if not intended
...
so myelin confines AP for each event and things don’t
involve each other
...
e
...
Myelin: keeps electrical field where it is
...
Myelin is a Glia cell
...
They would give mechanical
support = nerves can sit on them/pass through them
...
etc
...
Gray matter= nerve cells that generate AP
...
Glial cells are like “dark matter in the world – 96%
...
When they studied Einstein’s brain, they found more glial cells
...
They also think glial cells regulate the overall tone of the brain
...
Transducer: takes one form of energy and converts it to another
...
TV takes TV waves and
turns into sound
...
Sonogram takes
sound information and turns into images) in general, transducers we buy in Radio-‐shack takes
outside energy (that we’re unaware of) and puts into a range that we can detect
...
When we talk about electro magnetic spectrum, we talk about waves that travel from space
...
all travels at same speed, only
portion of it results in vision
...
This is all we know about unless we use special devices
...
e
...
Snakes have infrared detectors; they see living creatures as heat
...
Our question: what is reality?
There are things that are reality, but we can’t see it because we don’t have that method of
viewing
...
Whatever is reality depends on your senses
...
But taking the word apart is con, senses
...
If someone has another sense then we’ll never know what they actually
see
...
Two kinds of color synesthisians
...
11
...
12
these words are on midterm exam
spatial summation – when you have thirty mosquito bits, doesn’t matter where it is, it’s
just annoying and painful
...
Adds up changes in
space all over the body
...
Doesn’t matter which
part of you this happens to
...
EPSP excitetory post synaptic potential
IPSP inhibitory post synaptic potential
Temporal = time
...
will it make
a difference for this particular moment
...
In MS some nerves are slow
Back to not on midterm:
People who can’t hear/speak get depressed because they can’t properly communicate
We are highly dependent on our sensory systems
...
PSY 351 N
34
Senses are the gateway of the world
...
But what our
senses tell us are not necessarily correct
...
VISUAL SYSTEM:
1
...
Eye has evolved hundreds of
times
...
Many eyes have different forms
...
− Eyes enhance survival
− Many species’ eyes are different
...
− DESIGN: outermost – perfectly transparent (does not include the pupil) ::
Cornea: clear part of your eye – not the white part
...
being transparent means it doesn’t have blood
...
) why would someone need
a new cornea?
− Cornea is where all light goes through and can be burned, if cornea is damaged, you
can’t see
...
− We can supplement cornea with a contact lens
...
− Cornea is outermost layer, it’s perfectly spherical then it’s good
...
Instead of light going straight to
where it’s supposed to go, two portions go to different places in the eye
...
It’s a ripple in your sight
− Soft contact lenses preserves exactly the performity
...
Way they customize it: they fill in the
place of imperfection with clear stuff so you have contact lens that corrects deformity
...
But with stigmatism
lenses, it can’t move
...
− Hard lenses: perfectly spherical
...
− Lasik surgery: reshapes your cornea
...
− Behind the cornea:
Anterior chamber: car wash for the cornea, because the cornea has no blood supply
...
It’s a closed
PSY 351 N
35
chamber so you can’t have too much fluid or it will explode, and you need a drain sufficient
enough to let it go out
...
Glaucoma: buildup of pressure in eye that transfers down the eye and is the leading cause of
blindness, but can be stopped too
...
Marijuana will help this
...
So they made the correlation and it turned out to be a positive
correlation/cause and effect situation
...
Behind the Anterior Chamber:
Iris
− Circular muscle
− Color portion of your eye
− When light comes through, iris changes its configuration to regulate the light
...
− Babies have large pupils, it’s a feature of aging to have a smaller pupil… so babies don’t
have as good vision as older people
...
That’s why people
sometimes squint
...
− When iris contracts, pupil is tiny
...
Iris is the ‘doughnut’
and pupil is the ‘hole’ of it
...
behind pupil is the:
lens
− Does fine tune focus
− Enables you to focus on something closer than 20 feet
...
Muscles can only do two things: relax or contract
− When it’s relaxed it’s long and lean
...
When you’re lifting weights, the muscle
contracts: gets shorter and fatter
− So when your lens is doing work: muscle contracts and it bulges
...
− If you can see at 20 feet, you have 20/20 vision and can see what other people can that
far
...
Your lenses change every minute
− Behind the lens:
PSY 351 N
36
Vitreous (posterior/ back chamber)
− Like clear jelly
− Inflates a beach ball – your eye is a beach ball and it needs something to give it
structure
...
But every so often the
microtubule snaps, and becomes a floater
...
If they don’t snap,
(which we want them to) it will pull away your retina – in the back
...
) if this happens, the retina is called detached retina it will
die, it’s not getting blood supply, and that person is blind
...
Transducer: takes one form of energy and converts it to another
...
TV takes TV waves and
turns into sound
...
Sonogram takes
sound information and turns into images) in general, transducers we buy in Radio-‐shack takes
outside energy (that we’re unaware of) and puts into a range that we can detect
...
When we talk about electro magnetic spectrum, we talk about waves that travel from space
...
all travels at same speed, only
portion of it results in vision
...
This is all we know about unless we use special devices
...
e
...
Snakes have infrared detectors; they see living creatures as heat
...
Our question: what is reality?
There are things that are reality, but we can’t see it because we don’t have that method of
viewing
...
Whatever is reality depends on your senses
...
But taking the word apart is con, senses
...
If someone has another sense then we’ll never know what they actually
see
...
Two kinds of color synesthisians
...
11
...
12
these words are on midterm exam
spatial summation – when you have thirty mosquito bits, doesn’t matter where it is, it’s
just annoying and painful
...
Adds up changes in
PSY 351 N
37
space all over the body
...
Doesn’t matter which
part of you this happens to
...
EPSP excitetory post synaptic potential
IPSP inhibitory post synaptic potential
Temporal = time
...
will it make
a difference for this particular moment
...
In MS some nerves are slow
Back to not on midterm:
People who can’t hear/speak get depressed because they can’t properly communicate
We are highly dependent on our sensory systems
...
Senses are the gateway of the world
...
But what our
senses tell us are not necessarily correct
...
VISUAL SYSTEM:
2
...
Eye has evolved hundreds of
times
...
Many eyes have different forms
...
− Eyes enhance survival
− Many species’ eyes are different
...
− DESIGN: outermost – perfectly transparent (does not include the pupil) ::
Cornea: clear part of your eye – not the white part
...
being transparent means it doesn’t have blood
...
) why would someone need
a new cornea?
− Cornea is where all light goes through and can be burned, if cornea is damaged, you
can’t see
...
− We can supplement cornea with a contact lens
...
− Cornea is outermost layer, it’s perfectly spherical then it’s good
...
Instead of light going straight to
where it’s supposed to go, two portions go to different places in the eye
...
It’s a ripple in your sight
− Soft contact lenses preserves exactly the performity
...
Way they customize it: they fill in the
place of imperfection with clear stuff so you have contact lens that corrects deformity
...
But with stigmatism
lenses, it can’t move
...
− Hard lenses: perfectly spherical
...
− Lasik surgery: reshapes your cornea
...
− Behind the cornea:
Anterior chamber: car wash for the cornea, because the cornea has no blood supply
...
It’s a closed
chamber so you can’t have too much fluid or it will explode, and you need a drain sufficient
enough to let it go out
...
Glaucoma: buildup of pressure in eye that transfers down the eye and is the leading cause of
blindness, but can be stopped too
...
Marijuana will help this
...
So they made the correlation and it turned out to be a positive
correlation/cause and effect situation
...
Behind the Anterior Chamber:
Iris
− Circular muscle
− Color portion of your eye
− When light comes through, iris changes its configuration to regulate the light
...
− Babies have large pupils, it’s a feature of aging to have a smaller pupil… so babies don’t
have as good vision as older people
...
That’s why people
sometimes squint
...
− When iris contracts, pupil is tiny
...
Iris is the ‘doughnut’
and pupil is the ‘hole’ of it
...
PSY 351 N
39
behind pupil is the:
lens
− Does fine tune focus
− Enables you to focus on something closer than 20 feet
...
Muscles can only do two things: relax or contract
− When it’s relaxed it’s long and lean
...
When you’re lifting weights, the muscle
contracts: gets shorter and fatter
− So when your lens is doing work: muscle contracts and it bulges
...
− If you can see at 20 feet, you have 20/20 vision and can see what other people can that
far
...
Your lenses change every minute
− Behind the lens:
Vitreous (posterior/ back chamber)
− Like clear jelly
− Inflates a beach ball – your eye is a beach ball and it needs something to give it
structure
...
But every so often the
microtubule snaps, and becomes a floater
...
If they don’t snap,
(which we want them to) it will pull away your retina – in the back
...
) if this happens, the retina is called detached retina it will
die, it’s not getting blood supply, and that person is blind
...
19
...
26
...
Found: Every cell saw a bar of light
...
Every cell
had preferred width (spatial frequency = how many you ah vein given portion of space) and
orientation (within +/-‐ 15 degrees) H & W studied brain: visual cortex; occipital lobe
...
− This is what we found from kittens
− Q is, what comes into eye? How do you make the stripes?
− Apparently what we do when image falls on eye is we decompose and then synthesize
with brain
...
How is eye doing that?
− We have photo receptors (PR) on back of eye (we know retina is inverted
...
If you’re looking in eye,
you see bipolar cell
...
Receptive field (RF): that portion of space or surface of skin or sounds, (has to do with
range of input) which can affect the given cell
...
Horizontal cell: connected between bipolar cell and photo receptor
...
horizontal cell: they have little, that reach out (inverted umbrellas) and some are huge
(image #2) they are all round
...
Since they come in diff
sizes, the number of PR coming down to BPC is based on size
...
Given PR will participate in many responses
...
The round shape of HC gives BPC called center
...
Some BPC respond to light by turning it on and some respond by turning it off – that’s
the off or on centers
...
(don’t have to do know it)
In nervous system, shutting on or off are both responses
...
HC are umbrellas of all diff sizes
...
The mailing list is the HC
...
All of sudden, when you move light out on top by PR will affect the GC
...
Whatever the center is, the surround image #4)
each cell only responds to a given size center and surround
the only difference between all these cells is size
...
Off center on surround: turns light when light is off = type of big black bug walking along a
white surface, because it responds to dark part of object
...
Dark center = black
object
...
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− Best target for this particular cell is exactly the size of the RF if target is bigger than size
of cell, it gets shut off, but some other cell will respond to it
...
If it’s tiny, less ppl can
step on it
...
Sam with HC, there will be lights that are coming in but they wont get it because they’re
not there
...
− So the GC sees circular field of on/off center, off/on surround
...
It sees smallest things, you have to move your
eye to track it
...
That’s what leaves your eye to go to your brain
...
So it’s LGB or LGN
...
layers are in LG
...
3 inputs
from each eye, go into its own docking place
...
(don’t worry
about this info) some responds to detail analysis, and some responds to moving things
− We have different kinds of visual systems
...
You take some and make it red
...
Others you process regular
...
− Image #5 all the same type: on center off surround
...
But stip
away the surround, imagine it’s just center,
− This is on the eye
− Bunch of RF of same size
...
In thalamus, there’s a cell that responds best to light 1,4,7,10
...
if you move the bar of
light, to move to middle, you get cells that see 2,5,8,11
...
− When you get to brain, and have three different lines, there’s also a particular cell that
connects to like 12 different numbers, we have three different strips lets say, of 4
numbers each
...
There are rows and rows of cells where you see
a particular width
...
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− Final picture: #7
...
Or 2)carry actual graph with you
...
Any complicated array of
balkcsand whites can be decomposed to formula which can be resynthesized, formula
can be manufactured to make picture
...
Any complex picture can be broken into series of
sign waves
...
Breaking it down is in sign and cosign waves
...
(image #8): table
− When you learn something, you learn formula
...
e
...
Formula is the tune, fundamental is the
lyrics
...
The fundamental isn’t the table though
...
− So drawing the table just with the fundamental is the cheapest way, but it’s not a table
...
when they all respond together at same time
you will understand you’re looking at table
...
− If you’re near sighted, you may not get the 9th harmonic or 11th harmonic, so you need
glasses
...
The higher your prescription, the less it has
...
But you need the 9th and 11th to see
license plate, who’s driving car
− When you recognize something, you recognize the formula
...
If you don’t see them for 30 years, you may
recognize them because some of their formula has changed
...
− We have the certain orientation because the cells are that way
...
− Auditory system uses same formula, breaks everything down into sign waves
...
28
...
o High frequency which sounds squeaky – don’t travel far, get absorbed by
everything
...
e
...
o we have overtones in our voices, created by shape of our nose and naval cavity
...
− Pure sound: flute – sounds stripped down, just gives you fundamental
...
− Pinna – part of your ear that you have piercings, holds your glasses
...
it channels sound
...
it gets sloped as we age
...
Sounds/waves
that comes in hit the TM and make it vibrate
...
As sensitive as
our fingertips are, we can’t read the air
...
Malleus = hammer (Latin v
...
Incus = anuil
3
...
There’s a relationship from how much you weigh
and how far back you sit
− Force 1 (weight) times distance 2
− So in order to be balanced, F1 X D1 = F2 X D2 = you can exert a tiny bit of effort and still
achieve a remarkable effect as long as you have long lever
...
Then you have another one – one of
the oscicles, and there’s even more force, and you end up increasing force 540 times
− All mammals have these oscicles – they reduplicate it in snakes, it’s the jaw of snakes
...
− These bones amplify the sounds
− Then: we have the cochlea looks like a rolled up snail
...
§ Top of organ of corti: Tectoral membrane – attached only in one place
...
Leaf attached to tree
touching stream, just going up and down passively, translating motion of
stream into its own motions
...
It is attached to the hair cells
• If you’re looking at TM, it’s all you need to get musical instrument
...
§ bottom part: basilar
§ the “strings” are called hair cells (HC)
Sympathetic Vibration/vibration in sympathy if you have sound wave in the air, it has
certain size
...
Sound goes through air,
finds body part in you that has organ that fits it)
Bottom part of the cochlea: auditory nerve
...
Sodium was waiting to get in
...
If you lift the HC, you let sodium in
...
Mechanical device, even when animals are dead, before it atrophies, they can still
record sound
...
Each HC is like a key on piano, has a certain sound
...
If you play piano and keys are dead, you have
no idea what the song is – that’s a form of deafness, people selectively lose some of
these HCs, that transmit specific information
...
They can be killed by listening to really loud noises,
and they don’t grow
HCs that typically go first, range of human speech
...
So people can hear the phone ring but won’t hear what the
person is saying
...
One of those ranges is human speech
...
Cochlear implant – implant of the cochlear, for people who are deaf
...
If you don’t put the CI in, there’s a critical period
that if they don’t the person can’t every use it
...
− Three chambers, called the semi circular canals
...
− Inside: wall to wall carpeting with hair cells
...
If
you displace them or you sit on it you create space for sodium to go through
...
− One more player in the canal: ROCKS/CALCIUM CARBONATE/chalk
...
Sodium wants to get in, it comes and takes advantage of free space,
whenever the rocks come and sit on top of HCs
...
− When my head is up, unique distribution of rocks to indicate I’m up
...
So whenever you
move your hand, the distribution of rocks keeps changing
− When you have 6 of them, sets up really unique information that your brain always
knows where your head is positioned
...
− Vision is very connected to this system
...
12
...
12
TASTE & SMELL
Both are stereo chemical = shape of a molecule
...
Taste: receptor organ: tongue – it’s a transducer
Receptor: taste bud
...
1
...
Each place on tongue
− #3: sweet
...
It’s in position if it’s really horrible tongue can gag it out and
says “don’t swallow this, it’s bad”
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•
2
...
Taste receptors are not enough,
they work in conjunction with smell
...
MSG = umami
...
SMELL
− Receptor for nose: olfactory bolb
...
Purpose: wafte smell along
...
Olfactory system adapts quickly
...
With dogs, they have cortical representation because their world revolves around smell
– they have maps of things
...
Our smell brain is as far up in the evolutionary scale, it
did not evolve to our brain
...
it’s a nostalgia
...
= special molecule about physical attraction
to other people
...
So in order to know about each other, they leave a scent trail, so the moths can
find each other to mate – something many animals do this, they leave
pheromones
...
o Pheromones in humans: done at Brown University
...
Within a few months, women
are giving off some type of pheromone that is released and changes their cycle
so they all have it the same time
...
o We are designed to react emotionally to smells
...
o Pheromones come from sweat, which comes from your immunity system
...
−
−
−
47
o When women are pregnant or on birth control, their pheromones shift
...
o Pheromones can definitely be unconscious
...
TOUCH
PAIN: receptor is free nerve ending = nerve
...
Most pain fibers are
unmylinated = they conduct very slowly, because you need myelin to quicken things up
...
Two types of fibers:
a) Slow Pain: Which gives you slow pain, goes to your Limbic system
...
− Hammering, you hit your thumb: you experience fast pain, goes to your brain,
seconds later you go to faucet and run cold water over it
...
− Fast pain: localized, specific, you have to protect that part of your body, you know
exactly where on your body, you look at it
...
goes to motor system and activates part of
your muscles, slow pain also shapes your body; depending on where your injury was
...
− Pain fibers must always be active, but when something goes wrong the message
changes, it’s like “okay all is not well” when you feel pain there is just a change in
transmission
− Pain seems to be something related to way fiber is transmitting info – code it’s
sending
− Among factors changing fibers histamine-‐ when you’re injured cells release this
...
− Histamine is a protective, it’s telling the area that you’re not feeling well and you
want to recover
− Part of inflammation / recovery is painful, because there is being pressure on your
nerve
...
Phantom limb:
you have nerves that go to a limb, even if limb is not there
...
e
...
− Pain is coming from connection established in brain, not in the limb
...
48
ACUPUNCTURE – technique used to relieve pain
...
We didn’t give it any credence for a long time
...
According to this theory, touch fibers
synapse on another cell, an inhibitory cell, so if you stimulate touch, you wind up
turning off pain
...
− How is it possible that one part of body is connected to another part of body? Probably
crosstalk of fibers
...
Pain neurons
are unmylinated, its info can jump to other fibers
...
So you jump that
space, and you turn of pain in between the myelinated and nonmyelinated places
...
12
...
12
− kinesthesis – body position travels together with touch
− temperature travels together with pain
dorsal roots – all sensory information
...
i
...
for your feet, it will be the lowest level of your
spinal cord
...
e
...
In skin sensors, the “class leaving the room” is the dermatone – all the portion of your skin that
enters the same root of your spinal cord
...
They seem
to be dying
...
When people don’t have
touch info coming in, it makes it difficult for them to navigate
...
)
PSY 351 N
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Once touch comes in, there is a cell called motor neuron, and causes reflex, causes over
immediately
...
− This is an input
...
− The alpha motor neuron (amn) is called the final common pathway
...
− The connections at the level of the spinal cord are called reflexes
...
− This input affects the brain
− Theres a lot of receptors
− They group together
− If there’s a blockade or damage, you will lose your sense of touch
− Right side represents left and vice versa, we’re divided that way (all creatures, not just
humans)
MOTOR SYSTEM
− It’s about movement
− If we weren’t able to move, we wouldn’t need our brain
− We need brain to enable us to move, we need to know where to move
− Brain is only necessary to get from point A to point B but humans advance and the
frontal lobe makes decisions of motor action, but there are still other uses
MUSCLES
− Do two things
1
...
Long and thin
2
...
Short and fat
...
striated
a
...
Among them: some of our respiratory are striated
...
We need it to preserve ourselves
...
It’s another word for striped
...
d
...
smooth
a
...
actin
2
...
actinal myocin: reversible, when you want the muscle to conract
b
...
basic concept: muscles get shorter and longer (like your two hands together,
with fingers between each other
...
Why do we need them to get shorter and fatter, and why do they have to relax?
Has to do with bones
...
If they’re relaxed, our limbs are straight
...
− Muscles always work in antagonistic pairs – so on the other side of ht ebone you have
an antagonist of this muscle
...
This process is
called reciprocal inhibition – If you turn on one, the other is turned off
...
If you’re standing, your legs lock into a pillar that supports your
weight
...
Doesn’t change the body weight
...
More you use your muscles, the more
full they get
...
) if you don’t use your muscles, they atrify
− Contraction of muscle is what gives it power
− Big muscle is made up of tiny muscle spindles – activated by nerve
...
− if it’s in a place of your body where you don’t have fine motor control, the ratio is 1:100
...
Every muscle in your finger has its own private amn
...
The
innovation ratio is 2:1
...
If you’re missing one,
you have back up
...
− Every system has control over our eyes – interesting feature
...
When it is connected to muscle, it’s shaped in a specific way
− All muscles use a NT called acetylcholine (ACH)
− Once the ACH is spit out, so the answer is the ChE (cholinesterase) – and the ACH is
denatured by ChE
...
It goes
back to neuron after and then resynthesizes
− At this level lots of poisons work
− If you cause flood of ACH, you’re guaranteed it will contract
...
Or if you block ACH, you can’t inhale, so you die
...
You need them both
− Because once you get rid of ACH, muscle relaxes
...
Golgi tendon organs: have extremely high threshold, at the insertion of the muscle to the bone,
and they are activated only at the point where you’re about to rip muscle out
...
That’s why when you’re losing in a wrestle, when you
give up you can’t really move your muscle for a bit: it’s a reflex
...
10
...
Muscles are connected to nerves (alpha MN) when excited, sends action potential (AP) to
motor end plate which connects it to end plate
Neutrative relationship: more you use ur muscles the more flexible and better they are
...
− Image on legal paper
− How does this come about/start?
− Muscle spindle is connected in parallel with a receptor, causing intrafusal fibar (IF)
− That means if one muscle contracts, so does the IF
− Only need one receptor
...
− Idea of chinese finger cuffs
− The IF is chinese finger cuff
...
o You pull on the toy because your muscle is relaxing, it communicates to AMN
and makes the muscle tighten
...
You override stretch reflex,
communicate directly to AMN and make muscle contract
...
i
...
: carrying a baby
...
You’re sending messages to AMN to say “stay retracted
...
”
BASAL GANGLIA (BG)
− Whole bunch of structures
− Connected with motor behavior
− When there are diseases with the BG, there are motor related issues
...
How does this affect motor system? How does it get into
the action?
− There are little muscles in the IF that are connected to the gamma system, and
therefore the muscles can be tightened independently
...
o One way to stretch on it by making it shorter by tightening the muscles
o Or tightening rom muscle spindle
...
GAMA system will be destroyed too
...
But as you get closer to the object, it acts on the AMN
...
When you drink too much alcohol, you’ll see their cerebellum won’t be fully in tact, they can’t
function properly
...
− We learned a lot from men like Wearing
...
Memory: relatively permanent change in behavior
...
There are different kinds of learning
...
for each type of challenge you
think of, there are different processes and challenges you use
...
− We have different learning abilities
− It means there are different place sin brain
− Learning is helped by understanding
...
if you’re watching a movie that’s in another language, you won’t
remember
...
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How do we measure what we remember?
1
...
Short answer on a test: “capital of NY is___?”
a
...
No recognition
2
...
Right answer is there, but you have to recognize it
b
...
e
...
Cued Recall:
a
...
e
...
trying to establish the degree of deficit of memory
...
Memories can be changed, by things that happened later
...
” – even though they were never butterflies, they were caterpillars
...
Flashbulb Memory – NEISSER
− when you’re positive you remember something
...
:
− Neisser was teaching at a University and asked freshman students the day after the
challenger explosion
...
At the end of senior year, he asked them “where were you when
challenger exploded, and how confident are you about this memory?” when the
students gave them back original papers and the ones they just wrote, the handwriting
was all the same but the stories were not
...
Many of these memories were not the same
...
the only proof that we have of
something is the first version we said / heard / wrote
...
− False Memory Syndrome – person behind this is Elizabeth Loftus
...
She spoke to her neighbor a few years later, who told her that she found her
mom in the pool and called police
...
But then the
neighbor said “actually sorry I made a mistake, it wasn’t you
...
− PROBLEM WITH WITNESS TESTIMONY
o Daycare study
...
Children were claiming they were, crazy things happening, and the staff
kept denying
...
Be nice
...
few days later, “where you there when Bill dropped the chalk?” “where were
you when Bill gave ice cream?” in the beginning, children were denying it
...
The stories didn’t happen
...
o Psychologist got patients to believe that their father molested them
...
But this can ruin many people’s lives
...
Test has all of the types of
memories
...
− Neuropsych battery ^ is fairly rigorous
...
− You can study people with brain injuries
...
HM ended up like the man Clive Wearing
...
− You can also learn about it by fMRI, reading someone a list and seeing which parts of
their brain light up
...
(sea saw slide)
SHORT TERM MEMORY: (STM)
− What is it? can’t give precise number
...
It’s
o What did you eat for breakfast this morning
o Where did you park your car
o “what did you do last year this day” is out of your STM
12
...
12
confabulation – to make things up
− if you ask patient who seems confused, where they were last night, they’ll give you a
whole story about being in the mall, etc
...
− Confabulations are usually positive memories
− People with confabulations were always married to beautiful women, were millionaires,
etc
...
Two kinds of memories: short term and long term
PSY 351 N
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STM is envisioned like this: bunch of nerve cells sending info to each other but they come back
...
like a volleyball game
...
So
as long as the “ball is in the air, the memory is in tact, you’re keeping it alive” another example:
when you hear a phone number, as long as you keep saying it, you don’t forget it because you
keep repeating it
...
− It’s an actual neural response
− While info is in this state – that it only exists as a round in volleyball game, you know
that when ball drops, nothing remains
...
It gets encoded when it becomes
long term memory
...
− When you get ECS, your memory of what you have done right before (STM) is disrupted
...
a bunch of different orders
...
But what about what they learned on 2nd and 1st
day? They lost whatever is similar what they just learned
...
But if they just lost food related
task, they also lost food related tasks from 1st and 2nd days
...
e
...
Spill coffee on biopsych notes
...
While I have this class’s notebook out,
this notebook is vulnerable to damage
...
o when you’re remembering something, when animal finishes something it, it
“takes out the right notebook to store the info – it take out LTM and store the
STM there because its the right notebook
so first stage of memory is short term; it can be damaged, altered, etc
...
We can also develop dissociations -‐ where we block some things but
remember others
...
People take this when they can
be traumatized
...
i
...
: your name, address, number
...
You don’t know you have this
knowledge
...
e
...
HM, for 1 months he interacted with three people: a good, bad, natural who acted accordingly
...
And when he
was asked “if you have to go to one for help, which one would you go to?” he always chose the
good person
...
explicit memory
...
Slogan: neurons that fire together wire together
...
What does wiring together?
− Protein change, that has to do with synapse works, makes it easier to excite those
particular nerves in the chain
− Because they always fire together, they wire together – when one is activated, the other
is too
...
e
...
Because we have been in t his class together, we’re
an ensemble, so even if we go to the hallway, we’ll all be together
...
LTM has to do with some protein change
− RNA has to do with protein synthesis
...
DNA has recipes, but RNA is the crew that assembles
the recipes
...
State Dependent Learning
− When you learn info, you recall it best when you’re in the same emotional state as you
were when you learned it
...
e
...
− When you’re angry with someone, you can remember every single thing that got you
mad
− When you’re happy with that person/in love, you can’t remember the bad things that
they did
...
Some of the LTM protein change goes on through REM sleep
...
PSY 351 N
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Consolidate: changing STM into LTM
...
some
memory gets consolidated when you’re awake
...
System for learning and memory: Limbic system
Hippocampus and amygdala, fornix, cingulate,
− In order to turn STM into LTM, there’s a system
− Amygdala gives emotional tagging to memory
− If you hear footsteps, you may know who it is
...
You may suddenly smell their scent, see their coat, it involves
many different senses
...
o If you want to remember the name of a movie, you can remember where you
watched it and will help
− Hippocampus: memory is a bunch of balloons
...
Lets say you get a few balloons, you’re
trying to fig out what file they’re in, you could fig out what song it is/smell it is, etc
...
You
remember some details but not all
...
Amyloid bodies, neurofibrillary, plaques and tangles – dead cells, in hipo campus is garbage
there, it means hippocampus cells are dying and memory disappears, doesn’t get stored, its like
putting money in a pocket that has a huge hole, it just leaves
...
It comes in different “flavors” 2,3,
or 4 – different form, like brown eyes/green/blue
...
Higher the number, the more reduction of your mental ability
...
Hint: 4 starts with F, if they have two 4s, they’re double Fucked
...
12
...
12
PSY 351 N
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(recording of few mins)
HM formed all sorts of associations with people and didn’t know where they came from
...
It guides and influences you, and you didn’t even
know where it comes form
...
Sometimes, new pieces get stuck
in there – pieces that others suggested
...
Memory storage system: named the Papez circuit, essentially it is the Limbic System
...
Hippocampus (first to go in Alzheimer’s disease)
2
...
Mammi lary bodies
4
...
Temporal lobe
Epigenetic: things that contribute to your genes but aren’t your genes
...
Best you can do is eat nutritiously and
exercise, worst you can do is smoke
...
Amnesia: failure to remember
...
e
...
If
it’s a head trauma, you lose memory of what happened before and some time after
...
− So the kinds of amnesia you have: either:
o Retrograde: what happened before the critical event that is stored in LTM
...
Have trouble manufacturing new memories, but their
long term memory is fine
o Picture of this on board on phone
...
When it’s
not working, other thoughts and things feel real
...
They don’t know what happened recently
...
PRODIGIOUS MEMORY – refers to somebody who doesn’t forget anything
...
− Kim Peek, was called “Mr
...
Kim Peek happened to also be autistic so it’s hard to see what was going
on with simply that memory situation
...
There’s CREB on and CREB off
...
Those without CREB genes
would not be able to classically condition
...
He had no notion of what he was feeling
...
If you don’t have an emotional pressure, you
can’t do things
...
− Emotion is often there first and then you rationally interpret it
...
Motivational speakers are successful because they enable
you to do things
...
Emotion you
experience is motivating
...
− Some emotions will predominate over others
...
External components
i
...
Smiling
iii
...
− Can measure it through the GSR or SCR: Galvanic Skin Response or Skin
Conductance Response, or the Polygraph (lie detector)
− Principle: when your palms sweat, or emotionally aroused, small change that
can be picked up in your palms sweat
...
but then the question of “where
were you on the night of…” and suddenly their rate shows up
− Illegal in courts because it’s a form of testifying against yourself, against the
5th Amendment
...
B
...
Way you feel on the inside
ii
...
iii
...
There’s something going on biologically, but you don’t
always have a label for it
PSY 351 N
60
iv
...
James – Lange: Get emotional feelings from our Viscera – we feel sad because we are
crying
...
There are stuff going on in your
viscera, if you have an active system, it’s doing things, you observe and then it’s
processed into feelings/thoughts
...
2
...
All the sensory gets in there, and they evaluate things through there
...
This work was done in
cats, but when you remove parts of cortex, animals were in a rage state – called sham
rage
...
Without the higher brain systems, we would act impulsively
...
The higher brain acts to
modulate the emotions
...
3
...
When you have biological state which you become aware of, you look around and see
what’s going on
...
There’s a base to your emotions, which is
generated outside your conscious awareness
...
12
...
12
(few minutes on recording)
board
Cognitive Theory:
Valins had people looking at PlayBoy bunnies and evaluated heart rate… she told it to use in
experimental so get notes from there
...
Insurance now covers that actually
...
When your muscles are relaxed it enables you to deal with a lot more
...
It’s a matter of
attitude
...
This
can regulate your emotions
...
One is laughing
center and one is crying center
...
Sometimes
people laugh instead of crying
− Above this brainstem, you have the hypothalamus
...
involved in
emotion
...
They
find in this the isolated behaviors
...
Essentially it’s not so much the emotion as the kinds of emotions that get
released during emotions
...
− Amygdala is hooked into the circuit as well
...
− In your subcortex, you have whole circuit which is primitive behaviors that are
represented in small segments – the actors waiting to be assembled/put together a
complex façade to the world
...
− It starts with:
1
...
− Elliot became dissociated In frontal lobe, and was longer able to make proper decisions
...
Most people know
from their GSRs that the action they’re about to do is wrong
...
Temporal lobe
− People who have lesions/epileptic things in temporal lobe
− Mohammed was a temporal lobe epileptic
− They feel connected to universe/god speaking to them
− Hyper religiosity – this is all related to the temporal lobe
...
They think they’re more “knowing
...
right side of brain
− If right brain is damaged, person tends to be happy
...
− If left brain is damaged, there is negative affect
...
Lets you know if someone is happy
or not happy
...
That’s why you need animations in texts or
emails
...
While the left brain
activates language center
...
It’s because each of these NTs target a different aspect of the emotion
...
Problem: there are side effects
...
So when you give to your brain, there are effects in your body…
− AcH (acetylcholine) also a NT in the brain, doesn’t pass the BBB, the amount in brain ha
nothing to do with your muscles
...
They find you get high levels in people who are abused/beaten as children
...
12
...
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DEPRESSION
depression in biopsych isn’t like someone broke your heart
...
Depression is a
subjective feeling about life
...
E
...
− Reactive Depression: when you can describe a feeling
...
Reactive depression is normal, but if it lasts too long, it
becomes real depression,
− Seasonal Affective Disorder: SAD: people who get depressed when there isn’t enough
sunlight
...
Little motor – may be crying, thoughts of despair, internally they have a high
stress reaction/lot of stress hormones going on
...
Don’t eat much/ say
much
b
...
i
...
: when its cold
its hart to imagine what it feels like to be hot
...
− There’s a genetic basis, but people who have the gene to be depressed won’t
necessarily express it
...
Among the factors: accidents, loss of parents, early childhood trauma…
Different kinds of depression:
A
...
There’s a self-‐littling amount of depression: people who
are depressed will snap out of it
...
You don’t know the extent to which
it will affect their lives
...
It’s a pit, up and down, up and down
...
Standard lingo “I don’t want to do
it anymore” having a plan is a pathognomonic sign of suicide
...
It’s like glasses/contact
lenses
...
o Found: earliest drugs increased NE
...
o Later studies: SSRIs (Prozac, Zoloft, welbutrine
...
o Why do all these increase moods?
o Depression ahs different faces: grief, ideation, suicide, etc
...
i
...
: there are many ways to make yourself
comfortable in bed
o They’re all called catecholamine’s – i
...
: mr
...
With different hats
o Amphetamines: increase both NE and DA
...
o when they give this to teenagers there are high risk to suicide
...
, they work immediately
...
Neurons respond immediately
...
In order to deal with that vulnerable time
period, they use:
o ECT: (electroconvulsive therapy) shock therapy
...
They get a few exposures, usually lasts 2 weeks to get all the electricity
...
Higher the estrogen, the better the mood
...
Post partum is
self limiting = it goes away on its own, because the hormones go up and down
...
But even serious depression
isn’t self limiting, it will do so just because chemically that’s the way the system
works
...
Up and down pits
...
Bipolar depression/manic depression
− They go from manic to depression, with an OK in between
...
Movie: Mr
...
They’re persuasive to other people in this
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−
−
−
−
phase
...
They may have
hallucinations, which are sensory experiences, absence of stimulus
...
Manic is
generally shorter than depressed phase
...
In families where you know there’s a genetic influence in bipolar, they look at
adolescents
...
In
order to get the diagnosis of bipolar, you need 3 days at least in the same mood
...
Treatment: light
therapy
...
Need to find the genes responsible
...
SCHIZOPHRENIA
− It’s not one thing
...
− You’re able to tell automatically when they talk to you
...
They’re very literal in what you say
...
− When they’re not psychotic, they seem to be okay
...
− Different subtypes of schiz:
a) Simple: there aren’t that many things going alone
...
Don’t show emotion
...
b) Paranoid: feelings of persecution: i
...
: neighbor is taking my strength with his ray
gun
...
They don’t trust anyone, really
high rate of suicide
...
Laugh and cry at the wrong times
...
They write a lot, underline words that mean something to
them…
d) Catatonic: like Gumby dolls
...
The
basil ganglia (which is supposed to move you around) is probably damaged
...
Drug called phenothiazine’s
...
So this is
known as the dopamine hypothesis
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− They may be in pain or have infections, but they still won’t move
...
Relatives aren’t necessarily called
schizophrenic, but they’re schizotypo
...
If you want to study pre-‐
schizophrenics, you know they’re your high-‐risk group, called prodromal: don’t have
symptom yet
...
They take brain scans,
fMRIs… etc
...
So they are understanding these
areas are active and burning out
...
they then looked in
animals and saw that part of brain has to do with glutamate in normal brain, when
its released, its broken down throw enzymes
...
− Essentially what they found: each schiz break is bad for brain
...
With each break, more
functioning is lost
...
− Were developing medications that deal with schiz
...
They’ll be able to preserve
...
26
...
− Found in depressed people, most sleep was REM
...
− But because slow wave sleep made up of 5ht, they don’t have enough, they don’t get
deep sleep
− Point: this main particular form of sleep is starved out
...
When someone takes SSRI drugs,
it gives them more serotonin, which allows them to sleep more
...
When people degenerate further, there are negative symptoms because that’s when you don’t
see anything
...
It’s progressive and gets worse
...
As long as they don’t have the schiz episode, you preserve
the brain
...
But when you have twins one is schiz
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and one isn’t, the affected twin has larger ventricles
...
− All these disorders are cyclic
...
Other parts, that use the same
NT, get effected as well
...
It may get them depressed
...
Iatrogenic Disorders = you got it from your doctor
...
They wouldn’t have had this
problem on your own
...
e
...
Many times, the
behavior is pursing lips and moving to side, and they’re not in control, it’s an automatic
behavior
...
It’s timed
...
− If you give Cogentin (med), you can block TD
...
Other types of schiz:
1
...
− Poor premorbid, poor prognosis
2
...
They have jobs, and then they have a schiz break,
called acute = sudden
...
Generally caused by extreme stress, or
possibly meds
...
They’re not genetically the same as the other population
...
normals, and saw abnormalities
...
But you can also say that things that go on pre-‐natally can be
controlled
...
So if one twin has it, there’s a 50% chance the other
has it
...
children of schiz have 17% of getting schiz
...
Even though it’s not shown in their parent, it’s still
possible
...
May not be schiz but not socially normal
...
They can
be influential with their magical theories, so they attract schizos, and that’s why they
keep the genes in the same pool because they are attracted to each other
...
o Biological parents with schiz – and adapted parent, huge number of schiz kids
...
o Biological parent schiz, adopted parent not – still a lot of schiz
o Adopted parents aren’t schiz, there’s less
o Biology seemed to explain most of data
...
Toxoplasmosis: parasitic type of creature that lives in cats
...
Once Toxoplasmosis is in cats, it
can affect humans
...
It’s most damaging with fetuses – incidences of schiz goes up with
being affected by toxoplasmosis
...
Rules for arrangement: grammar
...
people who study rules say they are standard, everyone picks up the rules
...
You can say that words have some
relationship to the object, he drew two pictures, named them Kiki and Booba, and most
people picked the picture with more sharp edges for kiki, and the round one for booba
...
People communicate things by where they sit, set
up their rooms, etc
...
They have lots
of trouble in American society
...
12
...
12
− People want to know if language is innate
− Skinner & Chomsky:
− Skinner-‐ we learn it the same way we learn any other skill – being rewarded
...
All babies babble, even if they’re
deaf
...
They make the same mistakes: say
mouses instead of mice
...
− Gene called Fox P2 – different in animals and humans
...
− Can you teach other species to talk? Not really
...
− We know that in terms of language, the brokers area (in frontal lobe, a motor cortex)
carries out the sounds of speech
...
Unless 2 languages learned at same time and there is an overlap of
area
...
− Why? man named Marie looked at brains that broca looked at, and realized the damage
is deeper
...
But what you see
clinically is more likely dysphasia = speech is crumby
...
− In vernices, they use speech (babble) and then when you start to speak, they’re silent
...
To get a real lack of
− Interruption of fibers from one to another – some people have
...
Like if you ask where milk comes form, but they can do an intermediary step with your
hands and then the word cow comes out
...
− Many times if language is lost in a person young enough, they can redevelop speech int
eh right side of the brain and start all over from babbling
...
If you learn a second language adult age, you’ll
always have an accent
...
Unlike adults
...
It goes laterally with your own age mates and then down
...
No rules of grammar; just to get by and
communicate
...
Generally created by children of these pigeon languages, there are rules of grammar
...
It’s always the
children creating language
− Might be way in which we understand language: concept advanced by Hilllins Jackson,
called hierarch of function
...
e
...
Having all elements present gives you tight, strong grasp:
i
...
: all fingers in fist closed is extremely closed and tight, but once you open up one
finger the fist isn’t so strong anymore
− Brain has specific areas but all other areas contribute
...
Its like a team
...
All babies babble all phonemes when they’re young
...
But when
they don’t hear certain phonemes, they drop out
...
Babies
impose their own abilities on language
...
2) Putting phonemes into words
...
4) As you get higher levels of functions, you have ability to synthesize words without
details: i
...
: word watch, but you don’t know “hands, bands, ticks” etc
...
5) As it becomes more complex, there’s: reading
6) Writing
− You see people with disorders of language, which make you wonder; there
are autistic kids who can parrot words without understanding
...
− You need a certain level of excitability, because there have been stories
where kids who couldn’t speak: they were autistic, but when the house was
on fire they suddenly were ‘excited’ and were able to speak
...
− We need censor to know when we need water
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− Need to know when we had enough water
o An off and off switch – in addition you have to know where you get the water
from
...
− We keep certain concentration in our cells of both
...
If we have more salt in the blood (because you ate salty
peanuts) because it’s circulating in your blood, you have high concentration of salt here,
law of osmosis (things go from greater concentrations to lower) so the water from your
cells will go out of your cells and into your blood to dilute the salt concentration
...
This is why people who have high blood pressure are not supposed to eat a lot
salt
...
They need to be parsimonious, because need to know how much wat er available
...
e: kidney knows when there’s not enough fluid inc ells, so it won’t secrete fluid, which
is why there will be hold back of urine
...
o also, a super optic nucleus
...
Need short term signal which doesn’t rely on brain to now
you ate
...
There are receptors for food in your
mouth
...
It can sense nutrients, so if you fill your stomach just with water, it will eat
more than if you just drink a nutritious broth
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4) Liver: stores sugar
...
It
decides whether or not you have enough sugar in your blood and if not it releases more
...
Thing
about it: when you stop eating, you have to start to eat soon again
...
When you break it down, its FFA
− Stored in brain in hypothalamus
− When you have enough FFA in blood, you feel satisfied and don’t need to eat
− When you eat sugar, you generate insulin
...
Insulin
is an escort service: finds sugar you ate and brings it to cells so it doesn’t just get peed
out, so it’s used as fuel
...
So why don’t people use the fat that’s stored when they’re in need
of food
− When fat gets stored as insulin, insulin surround the cell and won’t let the fat get broken
down, wants you to keep fat as storage but don’t want you use it so it keeps it there
...
Insulin will protect your fat
supply
...
Go cold turkey on sugar – deny yourself
from sugar and then you get the FFA from the meal, but over the course of number of
days, the insulin security guards are free
...
− Trick to diet is to completely avoid sugar, and eat foods that generate FFA
− First step in dieting: not to eat foods that rush insulin
...
Easiest for you to maintain
...
Two areas have to do with on and off buttons of eating
...
Stop you from eating when you have
reached your body weight
...
If you lose that critical amount, because your anorexic, your body stops menstruation
...
Brain must know how much body fat you have
...
What can
alter your set point: exercise
...
Much harder to maintain body weight
without exercise
...
You
always eat more than necessary
...
When you take away body fat, body knows you took it away-‐ so it may not be
worth it
...
Two ways people can have problems with eating: don’t eat, or eat and
vomit/exercise it off/laxatives
...
Normal people who diet want more of a
self esteem, and like the way they look
...
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I
...
: the more weight she loses, the more she is worth
...
After
she became the vogue, suddenly everyone wanted to look like her
...
So there were massive eating disorders
...
It can begin normally but it progresses as
pathological
...
Usually less than the 85th percentile for
their body weight, but they view themselves as over weight
...
One reason people die from anorexia
...
On the way there, there isn’t a enough fuel, so they grow hair, that tries to
preserve heat
...
The hair is called lagino – what
babies have when they’re first born
...
Therapy: you
have to start young and early
...
Title: BioPsychology
Description: The study of the nervous system and how it relates to observable behavior. Prof. Schenkein, Touro College. I received an A on the exam after compiling my notes.
Description: The study of the nervous system and how it relates to observable behavior. Prof. Schenkein, Touro College. I received an A on the exam after compiling my notes.