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Morphology: Words and Their Parts
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Morphology: study of the rule systems underlying our knowledge of word structures
Lexicon: our mental dictionary; stores information about words and the rules that we used
to build them, i
...
word formation rules=lexical rules
Onomatopoeic: use of a word for which the connection between sound and meanings
means non-arbitrary as the word’s sound echoes to its meaning, e
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phew, jizz in my pants
Morphemes: smallest meaningful pieces of words, e
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un, non, -ed, -s
Syntactic categories: parts of speech

Morphemes and syllables
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Mississippi as a single morpheme because no part of speech identified
Etymology: origin of a word
Monomorphemic: words made up from a single morpheme, e
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car, brown, attract, attack
Polymorphemic: words : words made up from more than one morphemes, e
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racehorse,
swinger (swing: free attitude in sex+ er: people), motherfucker (mother+fuck+er)

Word Classes
Content Words

Function Words

Words with lexical meanings (nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverb excluding
the degree words such as very, rather, too)
 Belong to open class which accepts new words, e
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email (verb),
guanxi (noun)
 Can take affixes, such as dogs
Words with functional meanings (auxiliary verbs, determiners, etc) but no
content meanings
e
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He is running
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g
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g
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g
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g
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g
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g
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g
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g
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g
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g
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g
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g
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g
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g
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ii
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g
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g
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Old English mutated (vowel) plurals, e
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goose/ geese,
mouse/ mice, foot/ feet →vowel mutation
iv
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g
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Old English –en plurals, e
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children, chicken
 Pluralia tantum: a morphologically plural but
semantically single, e
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scissors, trousers
 To express the grammatical function of a noun phrase (units
of words containing a noun, e
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three bitches, the Italian,
friend’s mum), i
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subject, direct object and indirect object
I
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Accusative case →direct subject
III
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g
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 Pronoun case:
 He, she, it, I, you, we, they →normative
 Him, her, it, me, you, us, them →accusative/ dative
 Genitive case (possessive phrases and pronouns)
 His, her, its, my, your, their
 His, hers, its, mine, yours, theirs
 Marked by ‘s, e
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Our county’s flags
 Grammatical gender: masculine, feminine or neuter
inflected in words without biological gender

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Inflectional
Affixation
of English
Verbs

Suppletive
Verbs and
Adjectives

Infinitives, present
tense and past
tense

Present and past
participle
Participles as
markers of social
class
Suppletion : change
that a word form
share no similarity
with the infinitive

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Function words and adjectives for the nouns must agree
with the inflection (gender, case, number) of the noun
e
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signorina (feminine, normative, singular) mistress
(feminine, normative, singular)
Third-person singular: –s/ –es
Past tense: -ed, vowel mutation, e
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drunk, bought
(irregular)
 Strong verbs: vowel mutation →express inflection
 Weak verbs: regular affixation and sometimes
vowel inflection, e
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bought, kept
Progressive: -ing
Past participle: -ed/ -en
Involves affixes of –ed, -t, -en, -ing

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Variation in past participles as standard English, e
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drunk
instead of drank, sung instead of sang in past perfect tense

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Suppletive verbs: go/ went, is/ was, are, were
Suppletive adjectives: good/ better/ best, bad/ worse/
worst



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