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Title: introduction of human & physiology
Description: introduction of human & physiology. easy to understand. attach pictures in this note.
Description: introduction of human & physiology. easy to understand. attach pictures in this note.
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INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Jithmi Galappaththige
Bsc
...
) Biomedical Science (University of Northumbria)
mPhil
...
1490; in the Galleries of the
Academy of Venice
...
Sagittal plane – divides the body into right and left halves
- mid sagittal plane: divides the body from the middle into equal right and left parts
- para sagittal plane: divides the body into unequal right and left parts
2
...
Transverse plane - divides the body into upper and lower body section
BODY CAVITIES
❑Body cavities houses the internal organs of the body
❑Two main body cavities:
1
...
dorsal / posterior cavity - constitutes the
cephalic cavity containing brain and the vertebral canal
containing the spinal cord
CELLS
❑Cells are the smallest structural and functional unit of any
living organism
❑An average man and a woman on reaching adulthood
contain about 36 trillion cells and 28 trillion cells
respectively
❑Each have a specialized structure and function
TYPES OF CELLS
❑There are more than 200 types of
cells in a human body
❑12 main types of cells are present,
1
...
Cartilage cells
2
...
White blood cells (WBC’s)
4
...
Nerve cells
6
...
Bone cells
9
...
Fat cells
11
...
Sex cells
BLOOD CELLS
❑Three types of blood cells are present,
i
...
White blood cells (WBC’s) / Leukocytes
iii
...
5% of the total wbc’s
- primarily combat allergic reactions
LYMPHOCYTES
❑T cells – cell mediated immunity
- 2 types
Helper T cells - help activate B cells to secrete antibodies and macrophages to destroy
ingested microbes
- help activate cytotoxic T cells to kill infected target cells
Cytotoxic T cells - directly killing intracellular pathogens
- eliminating mutated and cancerous cells
❑B cells – lymphocytes modified in the bone marrow
-10% of the total wbc’s
- produce antibodies, antigen-presenting cells
- supporting other mononuclear cells
- contribute to inflammatory pathways directly
❑Natural killer cells (NK cells) – shape similar to large lymphocyte
- 2-18% of the total wbc’s
- control several types of tumors and microbial infections by limiting their
spread and subsequent tissue damage
MONOCYTES
❑ largest leukocyte
❑2-8% of the total wbc’s
❑ inflammatory and anti-inflammatory role
PLATELETS/THROMBOCYTES
❑Small (0
...
Motor neurons
ii
...
Interneurons
ANATOMY OF THE NEURON
❑Consist of the soma, dendrites and axon
• Soma – body of the neuron containing the nucleus and the cytoplasm
• Axon - elongated extension of a neuron that transmits electrical impulses away from the neuron’s cell
body to other neurons or target cells
- joins the cell body at the axon hillock
- size ranges from 0
Title: introduction of human & physiology
Description: introduction of human & physiology. easy to understand. attach pictures in this note.
Description: introduction of human & physiology. easy to understand. attach pictures in this note.