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Title: Atomic Structure
Description: Understanding atomic structure is crucial in chemistry as it forms the foundation for understanding chemical reactions, bonding, and periodic trends. Mastering electron configurations, orbital theory, and quantum numbers will provide you with the tools to predict the behavior of elements and their compounds.
Description: Understanding atomic structure is crucial in chemistry as it forms the foundation for understanding chemical reactions, bonding, and periodic trends. Mastering electron configurations, orbital theory, and quantum numbers will provide you with the tools to predict the behavior of elements and their compounds.
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Grade 11 Chemistry Notes: Atomic Structure
1
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An atom consists of three subatomic particles:
○ Protons: Positively charged particles found in the nucleus
...
○ Electrons: Negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus in energy
levels
...
2 Electron Configuration and Orbitals
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Electron Configuration describes the arrangement of electrons in an atom's
orbitals
...
○ p-orbitals: Dumbbell shape, can hold 6 electrons (3 orbitals × 2 electrons
each)
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○ f-orbitals: More complex shapes, can hold 14 electrons (7 orbitals × 2
electrons each)
...
Pauli Exclusion Principle: An orbital can hold a maximum of 2 electrons with
opposite spins
...
1
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(n = 1, 2, 3,…)
○ Angular Momentum Quantum Number (l): Indicates the shape of the
orbital
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(m_l ranges from -l to +l)
○ Spin Quantum Number (m_s): Indicates the spin direction of the electron
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4 Periodic Table and Electron Configuration
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The Periodic Table is organized based on atomic number (number of protons) and
electron configuration
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Periods (horizontal rows) indicate the energy level where the valence electrons are
found
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Example of Electron Configuration:
●
●
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Hydrogen (H): 1s¹
Carbon (C): 1s² 2s² 2p²
Oxygen (O): 1s² 2s² 2p⁴
1
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Core Electrons: Electrons in inner energy levels; not involved in chemical bonding
...
Atomic Radius: The size of an atom; decreases across a period and increases
down a group
...
Visual Aids
●
Electron Configuration Notation: Shows the distribution of electrons among
orbitals
...
●
Periodic Table Trends:
○ Atomic Size: Increases down a group, decreases across a period
...
○ Electronegativity: Follows a similar trend as ionization energy
...
Mastering electron
configurations, orbital theory, and quantum numbers will provide you with the tools to predict
the behavior of elements and their compounds
Title: Atomic Structure
Description: Understanding atomic structure is crucial in chemistry as it forms the foundation for understanding chemical reactions, bonding, and periodic trends. Mastering electron configurations, orbital theory, and quantum numbers will provide you with the tools to predict the behavior of elements and their compounds.
Description: Understanding atomic structure is crucial in chemistry as it forms the foundation for understanding chemical reactions, bonding, and periodic trends. Mastering electron configurations, orbital theory, and quantum numbers will provide you with the tools to predict the behavior of elements and their compounds.