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Chapter-3 History
Nazism and the rise of Hitler
BIRTH OF THE WEIMER REPUBLIC: Germany fought the First World War (1914–1918) along
with the Austrian empire and against the Allies (England, France and Russia)
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However, the Allies won
defeating Germany and the Central Powers in 1918
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The republic, however, was not received well by its own people largely because of the
terms it was forced to accept after Germany’s defeat at the end of the First World War
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The Effects of the War — The war had a devastating impact on the entire continent both
psychologically and financially
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The supporters
of the Weimer Republic were criticised and became easy targets of attack in the conservative
nationalist circles
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Aggressive war propaganda and
national honour became important
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The
Spartacists founded the Communist Party of Germany
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As Germany refused to
pay the war reparations, France occupied its leading industrial area, Ruhr
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The value of the mark collapsed
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There was hyperinflation
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Germany was totally dependent on
short- term loans, largely from the USA
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German economy was hit badly
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The Weimer Republic had some inherent defects :
1
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Article 48 — which gave the President the powers to impose emergency, suspend civil rights
and rule by decree
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He earned many medals for bravery in the First World War
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The Treaty of Versailles made him furious
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This later
came to be known as the Nazi Party
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The Nazi propaganda
stirred hopes of a better future
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He promised the
people a strong nation where all would get employment
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Hitler now set out to dismantle the structures of democratic rule
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Communists were hurriedly packed off to new established concentration camps
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Special surveillance and security forces were created to control
the people and rule with impunity
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This was to be done through a state funded work creation programme
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He then took Sudentenland from Czechoslovakia
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Hitler did not stop here
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Resources were to be accumulated through expansion of territory
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This started a war with France and England
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But when Japan extended its support to Hitler and bombarded Pearl Harbour, the USA
entered the war
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THE NAZI WORLD VIEW: According to Nazi ideology there was no equality between people, but
only racial hierarchy
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They wanted a society of pure and healthy Nordic Aryans
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The other aspect of Hitler’s ideology related to the geopolitical concept of Lebensraum, or living
space
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Hitler believed in pseudoscientific theories of
race which said that conversion was no solution to the Jewish problem
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From 1933–1938 — the Nazis terrorised, pauperised and segregated the Jews, compelling them
to leave the country
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The Racial Utopia: Genocide and war became two sides of the same coin
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Poles were forced to leave their homes and properties behind to be occupied by ethnic
Germans brought in from occupied Europe
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All schools were given German teachers
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Textbooks were rewritten, functions of

sports in schools was to nurture the spirit of violence and aggression
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At 14, all boys joined ‘Hitler Youth’, they joined the Labour Service at 18
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They were encouraged to produce many children
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They used films, pictures, radio, posters, etc
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Crimes against Humanity — People saw the world through Nazi eyes and spoke the Nazi
language
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Knowledge about the Holocaust —It was only after the war ended that people came to know
about what had happened
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They just wanted to live, even if
it was for a few hours, to tell the world about the Holocaust
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Not everyone in Europe, however,
wanted a complete transformation
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Liberals: Wanted a nation which tolerated all religions
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They were not democrats
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They disliked concentration of property in hands of a few, not the existence of private
property
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After the revolution they started accepting change
provided it was slow and had links and respected the past
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Men, women
and children were pushed into factories for low wages, Liberals and radicals who were factory
owners felt that workers’ efforts must be encouraged
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They had different visions of the
future
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Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels added that industrial society was capitalist
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This would be a communist society
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They set up funds for members in distress, reduction of working
hours and right to vote
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Economy and Society: Most of the Russian population were agriculturalist
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Workers were divided into
groups but they did unite to strike work when they were dissatisfied
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Russian peasants were the only peasant community
which pooled their land and their commune divided it
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The Russian Socialist Democratic Labor Party was formed in 1900
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As land was divided among peasants periodically
and it was felt that peasants and not workers would be the main source of the revolution
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The party was
divided into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks
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The Tsar was not subject to the parliament
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They worked towards demanding a constitution
during the Revolution of 1905
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During this time, four members of the Putilov Iron Works were dismissed
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Over 110,000 workers in St
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This procession was attacked by the police and Cossacks
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Strikes took place as a reaction
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The Tsar allowed the creation of an elected consultative Parliament or Duma
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The First World War and the Russian Empire: In Russia, the war was initially very popular but
later the support grew thin
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Russian armies lost badly in
Germany and Austria
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There was labour shortage, railway lines were shut down and
small workshops were closed down
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THE FEBRUARY REVOLUTION IN PETROGRAD
Events
• In the winter of 1917, Petrograd was grim
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• 22 February: a lockout took place at a factory
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Women also led and participated in the strikes
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• On the 24th and 25th, the government called out the cavalry and police to keep an eye on
them
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The people were out with force once again
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• Cavalry was called out again
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This was the Petrograd
Soviet
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• The Tsar abdicated on 2nd March
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The people involved were the parliamentarians, workers, women workers, soldiers and
military commanders
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• Soviets were set up everywhere
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Soldiers’ committees were formed in the army
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It
decided to take stern measures against the spreading discontent
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Peasants and the socialist revolutionary leaders pressed for a redistribution of land
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OCTOBER REVOLUTION:
• 16th October 1917 — Lenin persuaded the Petrograd Soviet and Bolshevik Party to agree
to a socialist seizure of power
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• Uprising began on 24th October
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• Military men loyal to the government seized the buildings of two Bolshevik newspapers
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• In response Military Revolutionary Committee ordered to seize government offices and
arrest the ministers
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Other ships took over strategic points
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• All Russian Congress of Soviets in Petrograd approved the Bolshevik action
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The people involved were Lenin, the Bolsheviks, troops (pro-government)
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• Land was declared social property and peasants were allowed to seize the land of the
nobility
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• New uniforms were designed for the army and officials
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• Trade unions were kept under party control
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This led to economic growth
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• An extended schooling system developed
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The Civil War — When the Bolsheviks ordered land redistribution, the Russian army began to
break up
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They were supported by French, American, British and Japanese troops
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Making a Socialist Society — The Bolsheviks kept industries and banks nationalised during the
civil war
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Rapid construction and
industrialisation started
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Stalin and Collective Farming — Stalin believed that rich peasants and traders stocked supplies
to create shortage of grains
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This system would
also help to modernise farms
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GLOBAL INFLUENCE: By the 1950s, it was recognised in the country and outside that everything
was not in keeping with the ideals of the Russian revolution
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However, it was recognised that social ideals still enjoyed respect among the
Russians
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