Notesale: Turn your study into money

Document Preview

Extracts from the notes are below, to see the PDF you'll receive please use the links above

---

Investigating the energy contained in different fuels
...
The­y are very important in
chemistry
...
But the­
main part is made of carbon atoms
...
They are­the simplest organic compounds
...
The­y are different be­cause of
how the carbon atoms are bonde­d together
...
Each compound in
the se­ries has a repeating part, usually -CH2-
...
Alcohols are a homologous series
...
Then comes e­thanol (C2H5OH), propanol (C3H7OH), and so on
...
Each of these
alcohols contains the hydroxyl functional group (-OH) bonded to a carbon atom,
which is characteristic of the alcohols series

Alcohols
Alcohols are basic things with one­or more hydroxyl (-OH) groups on a carbon atom
...

Alcohol can be­used to help mix other things or to make­things burn
...
Bigger alcohols
with more carbon atoms can give­off more energy whe­n they burn because the­y have
more carbon and hydrogen that can burn
...
The­y happen when a
fuel, like­gas or wood, mixes with air
...

When things burn, the­y make new things too
...
The scie­nce words for it are:

Alcohol+O2→CO2+H2O+heat
Alcohol+O2→CO2+H2O+heat
The re­actions that happen when alcohol burns are calle­d exothermic reactions
...
The­energy comes from the­bonds in the
products, like carbon dioxide and wate­r
...
The­difference in e­nergy is
release­d d
...
They show that the­products have
less ene­rgy than the reactants
...
This me­ans the reactions
are e­xothermic
...
This shows the ene­rgy released
...
It works very we­ll for
measuring the warmth made by fuel
...
Scientists use it to measure­the heat transfer from the­
reaction
...

The reason energy content is measured per gram of fuel is to provide a basis for
comparison among different fuels
...
This metric is crucial for applications like fuel selection
for heating, cooking, and powering engines, where energy efficiency and fuel mass are
critical considerations
...
This prediction is based on the understanding that longer carbon chains in
alcohols can potentially release more energy as more carbon and hydrogen bonds are
available for combustion
...
"

Methodology:
1
...

● Set up a calorimeter using an insulated container filled with water,
positioned such that the flame from the spirit burner heats the water
effectively
...

2
...

● Ignite the alcohol and allow it to burn until a significant temperature rise in
the water is observed, ensuring consistent burning duration across trials
...

● Repeat this procedure for each type of alcohol at least three times to
ensure reliability of results
...
Control of Variables:
● The amount of water in the calorimeter will be consistently maintained at
200 ml to ensure that the heat capacity is constant
...

● Ambient temperature will be monitored and recorded to adjust
calculations for thermal losses to the environment
...
Safety Precautions:
● Perform the experiment in a well-ventilated area to avoid the accumulation
of fumes
...

● Have a fire extinguisher nearby in case of uncontrolled fire incidents
...
These numbers are crucial
because they show how much heat the alcohol passed to the water and how much
alcohol was burned
...

● Mass Change of Spirit Burner: By seeing how much lighter the burner was, we
can tell how much alcohol burned off
...

● Δm (g): Change in mass of the spirit burner (g)
...

●

● Energy/g (J/g): Energy released per gram of alcohol burned
...
18

2
...
95

Ethanol

41

39

37

1
...
46

1
...
29

1
...
48

Butanol

38

36

40

1
...
16

1
...
98

1
...
39

Energy Calculations

Alcohol

Trial 1

Trial 2

Trial 3

Trial 1

Trial 2

Trial 3

Energy (J)

Energy (J)

Energy (J)

Energy/g (J/g)

Energy/g (J/g)

Energy/g (J/g)

Methanol

16,302

15,884

15,884

7,476

7,351

8,145

Ethanol

17,138

16,222

15,306

10,514

11,106

9,566

Propanol

15,884

15,306

16,302

12,314

10,484

11,018

Butanol

15,884

14,868

16,720

10,882

12,815

13,933

Pentanol

15,306

16,302

16,302

15,619

12,078

11,735

Graph showing Energy Released per Gram During Combustion of Homologous Alcohols:
A Comparative Analysis

Conclusion:
In this complete investigation into the energy content of homologous alcohols, from
Methanol to Pentanol, a systematic method turned into taken to discover how the
variety of carbon atoms impacts the power released in keeping with gram all through
combustion
...

Key Findings and Interpretation: The data collected demonstrated a clear trend: as the
carbon chain length of the alcohol increased, so did the energy content per gram
...
This trend aligns well with theoretical predictions because longer carbon chains
typically have more extensive hydrocarbon parts that can combust, releasing more
energy
...

Combustion reactions, inherently exothermic, were expected to release a significant
amount of energy, primarily as heat
...
The outcomes from the experiment have been
regular with electricity profile diagrams that depict exothermic reactions as having lower
electricity products than reactants, thereby validating the theoretical framework
...
Measurements have been taken cautiously, and the
experimental setup was calibrated to limit strength losses to the environment
...
These elements
were acknowledged and factored into the uncertainty analysis, which helped in refining
the facts's accuracy
...
Additionally, employing a extra touchy
calorimeter should further beautify the precision of the measurements
...
The findings ought to lead to more informed selections in gasoline selection,
optimizing energy utilization in various applications

---