Notesale: Turn your study into money

Document Preview

Extracts from the notes are below, to see the PDF you'll receive please use the links above

---

Bio 156 Final Exam Study Guide 20242025 Edition
...
Graded A+
"Animalcules and beasties" - ANSAntony van Leeuwenhoek
activation energy - ANSEnergy needed to get a reaction started
Active state - ANSpart of the enzyme where catalysis occurs
active transport - ANSEnergy-requiring process that moves material across a cell
membrane against a concentration difference
aerobic respiration stages - ANSglycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport chain
alcholic fermentation occurs in - ANSBaking, wine and beer
Anabolic - ANSA process in which large molecules are built from small molecules
analogous structures - ANSBody parts that share a common function, but not structure
animal storage - ANSCarbohydrate
ATP synthase - ANSThe enzyme that make ATP from ADPand inorganic phosphate
...

deductive reasoning - ANSthe process of applying a general statement to specific facts
or situations
Denaturation - ANSloss of normal shape of a protein due to heat or other factor
Diffusion - ANSthe process by which molecules move from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower concentration
DNA fingerprinting - ANSanalysis of fragments of DNA as a form of identification
DNA replication enzymes - ANShelicase, polymerase, ligase
Domains of Life - ANSBacteria, Archea, Eukarya
Dominant - ANSAn allele that is always expressed
Endergonic - ANSA chemical reaction that requires the input of energy in order to
proceed
...

final electron acceptor - ANSOxygen
First accurate model of DNA - ANSJames Watson and Francis Crick
first law of thermodynamics - ANSEnergy cannot be created or destroyed
Forms of fermentation - ANSalcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation
Gamete - ANSspecialized cell involved in sexual reproduction
gave the cell its name - ANSRobert Hooke
gel electrophoresis - ANStechnique for sorting molecules or fragments of molecules by
length
gene therapy - ANSThe insertion of working copies of a gene into the cells of a person
with a genetic disorder in an attempt to correct the disorder
Genotype - ANSgenetic makeup of an organism
GMO (genetically modified organism) - ANSPlant or animal whose genetic makeup has
been changed
...

homologous structures - ANSStructures in different species that are similar because of
common ancestry
...

independent variable - ANSa variable (often denoted by x ) whose variation does not
depend on that of another
...
"What I manipulate"
inductive reasoning - ANSreasoning from detailed facts to general principles
ionic bond - ANSthe attraction between oppositely charged ions
isotonic solution - ANSa solution whose solute concentration is equal to the solute
concentration inside a cell
JET RAT - ANSJunctions, enzymes, transport, recognition, attachment, transduction
Junctions - ANSConnect and hold 2 cells together
Lactic acid fermentation occurs in - ANSmuscle cells, cheese pickles, kimchi, many
vegetables
Lipid monomers - ANSglycerol and fatty acids
lipid polymers - ANStriglycerides, phospholipids, steroids
Metastasis - ANSThe spread of cancer cells beyond their original site
Methods of enzyme control - ANSOptimal temperature, optimal ph, optimal salt
concentration
Mitosis vs
...

nonsense mutation - ANSchanges a normal codon into a stop codon
octet rule - ANSwhen forming a chemical bond atoms gain lose or share valence
electrons until they have 8 electrons in their valence shell
Operons - ANSgenes that coordinate the regulation of gene expression
Oxidation - ANSloss of electrons
Phenotype - ANSAn organism's physical appearance, or visible traits
...

Pluripotent - ANSCells that are capable of developing into most, but not all, of the
body's cell types
polygenic inheritance - ANScombined effect of two or more genes on a single character
Protein monomers - ANSamino acids
protein polymers - ANSpolypeptides
Recessive - ANSAn allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present
Recognition - ANSServe as markers for cellular identification or cell to cell recognition
reduction - ANSgain of electrons
second law of thermodynamics - ANSEvery energy transfer or transformation increases
the entropy of the universe
...

Transcription enzyme - ANSRNA polymerase
Transduction - ANSReceptors for specific hormones
Transgenesis - ANSintroduction to new genes or knockout genes
Translation RNA - ANStRNA
Transport - ANSresponsible for facilitated diffusion and active transport
types of point mutations - ANSsilent, missense, nonsense
Types of stem cells - ANStotipotent, pluripotent, multipotent
ultimate source of energy - ANSsun
X-linked inheritance - ANSwhen a harmful allele is carried on the X chromosome



---