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Bio 260 (Microbiology) Final Exam 2024
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____ bacteriophages participate in this transfer
a
...
transduction
c
...
tRNA
e
...
Transduction
____ carries the anticodon
a
...
transduction
c
...
tRNA
e
...
tRNA
____ Carries the codon
a
...
transduction
c
...
tRNA
e
...
mRNA
______ are disease causing microorganisms
a
...
Bacteria
c
...
Decomposers
e
...
Pathogens
______ are the microorganisms that recycle nutrients by breaking down dead matter
and wastes
...
Archaea
b
...
Pathogens
d
...
both a and b
(Exam I) - ANSd
...

(Exam I) - ANSSubculture
______ or steam sterilization is the process by which steam is heated under pressure to
sterilize objects
a
...
Lyophilization
c
...
Autoclave
e
...
Autoclave
______ radiation excites atoms to a higher energy state within molecules such as DNA
that then leads to the formation of pyrimidine dimers
a
...
Lyophilization
c
...
Autoclave
e
...
Nonionizing
______, found in tears and saliva, can digest peptidoglycan in cell walls
...

mycobacterium
A bacteriophage transfers DNA of the previous host to the current host
...
Generalized transduction
A clinical microbiologist makes serial dilutions of several antimicrobics in broth, and then
incubates each drug dilution series with a standard amount of a patient's isolated
pathogen
...
Nonionizing
b
...
Ultra high
d
...
Denature - ANSc
...
Nonsense
mutation
A patient has a suspicious skin infection and a culture is taken
...

Mutation
A prokaryotic cell wall that has primarily peptidoglycan with small amounts of teichoic
acid and lipoteichoic acid - ANSb
...
This
is called the: - ANSTherapeutic index (TI)
A reduced compound is - ANSb
...
Ames
A semisynthetic antibiotic is a drug which is chemically modified in the laboratory after
being isolated from natural sources, true or false? - ANSTrue
A spiral shaped bacteria with a periplasmic flagella/endoflagella is known as a ______
(Exam I) - ANSspirochete
According to the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses, how are viruses
classified? - ANSGenetic information, structure, and chemical compostion
Aerobic respiration is an example of ______ - ANSChemoheterotrophy
African sleeping sickness is caused by: - ANSTrypanosoma brucei

All of the chemical reactions of the cell are called - ANSd
...

Has a slow growth rate
All of the following are methods of disinfection or sterilization, except: ANSLyophilization
All of the following pertain to Candida Albicans, except: - ANSHas a large capsule
All of the following pertain to genital warts, except: - ANSAre not common in the U
...

All of the following pertain to glycolysis except - ANSd
...
Occurs on a ribosome in the
cytoplasm
All of the following pertain to virus envelopes except they - ANSAre located between the
capsid and nucleic acid
All species of Staphylococcus: - ANSProduce catalase
Aminoglycosides - ANSAttach to the 30S ribosomal subunit and disrupt protein
synthesis
Amplification of DNA is accomplished by - ANSa
...
Hydrogen Ions
As the father of the microscope, this scientist was the first to SEE microbes
...
Ferdinand Cohn
b
...
Carolus Linnaeus
d
...
Carl Woese
(Exam I) - ANSb
...
A donor cell with a plasmid that synthesizes a
pilus
Bacteriostatic agents kill bacterial cells, true or false? - ANSFalse
Basic dyes are - ANSa
...
Archaea
b
...
Pathogens
d
...
both a and b
(Exam I) - ANSb
...

a
...
Bacteria
c
...
Decomposers
e
...
Bacteria
Cephalosporin, carbapenems, and penicillin all have - ANSA beta-lactam ring
Commercial products containing which types of chemicals are more effective at killing
microorganisms? - ANSBacteriocidal

Cultures of a bacterial species were incubated on the shelf of a refrigerator, out on a lab
bench top, on the shelf of a 37 degree C incubator and on the shelf of a 50 degree C
incubator
...
What term could be
used for this species? - ANSPsychrophile
Dematophytoses are - ANSAll of the choices are correct
Describe the chromosomal structure you would expect to find in Escherichia coli
...
Bacteria are have a circular DNA
structure
...
Nucleoid
b
...
Plasmid
d
...
both a and c
(Exam (I) - ANSa
...
Synthesizes new DNA only in the 5' to 3' direction
DNA polymerases used in PCR - ANSc
...

Restriction endonucleases
Dry heat: - ANSIs less efficient than moist heat
During aerobic cellular respiration, the final electron acceptor is - ANSb
...
Template
During which of the phases of cellular respiration is the majority of ATP formed? ANSa
...
coli O157:H7 characteristics include all of the following, except: - ANSIt only causes
occupational illness in people who work with animals
Each NADH that enters the electron transport system give rise to - ANSb
...
Gene

Each___ is a specific segment of the DNA with the code for production of one functional
product - ANSc
...
Restriction endonucleases
Electrons are ejected from atoms in cells when organisms are exposed to - ANSGamma
rays and Xrays
Entamoeba histolytica is acquired by - ANSIngestion of cysts of the pathogen
Enzymes that are only produced when substrate is present are termed - ANSd
...
Nucleoid
b
...
Plasmid
d
...
both a and c
(Exam (I) - ANSc
...
Lactose present without glucose
Geneticists can make complimentary DNA copies of messenger, transfer, and
ribosomal RNA by using - ANSb
...
Uses 2 ATP, produces 4 ATP, without oxygen
Gram negative bacilli are often treated with - ANSAminoglycosides
Gram negative bacilli belong to the phylum: - ANSProteobacteria
Growth factors ______ - ANSCannot be synthesized by the organism
Heat fixed smears of specimens are required in order to perform the Gram stain and
endospore stain on the specimens
...
Lyme disease
b
...
Syphilis
d
...
both a and c
(Exam I) - ANSc
...
Cell membrane
In general, most DNA viruses multiply in the host cell's _____, while most RNA viruses
multiply in the host cell's ______ - ANSNucleus, cytoplasm
In Griffith's experiments with Streptococcus pneumoniae, rough non-encapsulated
Streptococci were converted into smooth encapsulated Streptococci in the presence of
the heat-killed smooth encapsulated Streptococci
...
Transformation

In malaria, where do the asexual sporozoites undergo schizogony to form merozoites? ANSIn liver cells
In recombinant DNA technique, an enzyme called ____ is needed to seal the sticky
ends of genes into plasmids or chromosomes
a
...
Plasmids
c
...
Virus
e
...
Ligase
In the viable plate count method, a measured sample of a culture is evenly spread
across an agar surface and incubated
...
Electron Transport
system
Infectious protein particles are called - ANSPrions
Inorganic nitrogen must be converted to ammonia to be used by a cell - ANSTrue
Iodophors include: - ANSBetadine
Lipopolysaccharide is an important cell wall component of - ANSa
...
Cyclic
Pathways
Microorganisms require large quantities of this nutrient for use in cell structure and
metabolism - ANSMacronutrient
Microorganisms that live in severe habitats, such as very hot, acidic or salty
environments, are called ______ - ANSExtremophiles
Most of the dry weight of a microbial cell is from ______ - ANSOrganic compounds
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is: - ANSAll of the choices are correct
Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are fastidious, gram-negative cocci
that produce oxidase, true or false? - ANSTrue

Of two common vectors commonly used in rDNA technology, this is a single circular
DNA molecule
a
...
Plasmids
c
...
Virus
e
...
Plasmid
One colony typically develops from the growth of several parent bacterial cells
...

a
...
Outer membrane
c
...
All of these
e
...
Outer membrane
Positive and negative stains are used primarily to improve which conditions?
a
...
magnification
c
...
definition

Production of a neurotoxin that binds to target sites on spinal cord neurons responsible
for inhibiting skeletal muscle contraction is a characteristic of: - ANSClostridium tetani
Production of a neurotoxin that prevents aetylcholine release from motor neurons at
neuromuscular junctions is a characteristic of: - ANSClostridium botulinum
Repressible operons require that ___ bund to the repressor protein before it can bind to
the operator - ANSa
...
Ligase
b
...
Base pairs
d
...
Palindromes - ANSe
...
TRUE
Scarlet fever is caused by strains of: - ANSStreptococcus pyogenes
Some microbial control agents are able to ______ cell proteins by breaking bonds that
maintain the native state, three-dimensional configuration of the proteins
a
...
Lyophilization
c
...
Autoclave
e
...
Denature
Spontaneous generation is the belief that ______
(Exam I) - ANSLiving things arise from nonliving matter
Staphylococci can be differentiated from streptococci by the: - ANSCatalase test
Substrate level phosphorylation occurs in - ANSc
...
Substrate bound to repressor
The ability of a fungus to grow as a yeast or mold depending on its environmental
temperature is called - ANSDimorphism

The bacterium that causes this disease is transmitted to humans by a tick bite
a
...
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
c
...
both a and b
e
...
both a and b
The buildup of mucus and blockage of airways in pertussis is due to: - ANSToxins that
destroy the ciliated cells of the respiratory tract
The cell's metabolic reactions involve the participation of ___ that lower the activation
energy needed for the initiation of a reaction - ANSc
...

Recombinant DNA technology
The E
...
The
Kreb Cycle
The fucntion of the dideoxy (dd) nucleotides that are used in the Sanger method of DNA
sequencing is to - ANSd
...
for protection of genetic material during
harsh conditions
The gram stain, acid-fast stain, and endospore stain - ANSe
...
Transposons
The Kirby-Bauer test uses an agar surface, seeded with the test bacterium, to which
small discs containing a specific concentration of several drugs are placed on the
surface, true or false? - ANSTrue
The large, fully formed developmental stage of a hemoflagellate is called the ANSTrypomastigote
The light dependent reactions takes place in which part of the chloroplast - ANSc
...
Kreb Cycle
The MIC is the smallest concentration of an antimicrobic required to inhibit the growth of
a the microbe, true or false? - ANSTrue
The microorganisms that do not have a nucleus in their cells are called ______
...
Archaea
b
...
Pathogens
d
...
both a and b
(Exam I) - ANSe
...

(Exam I) - ANSProtein synthesis would stop
...
Outside of the cell
The most versatile and useful antifungal drug that is used to treat serious systemic
fungal infections is - ANSAmphotericin B
The multidrug resistant pumps in many bacterial cell membranes cause ANSPrevention of drug entry into the cell
The non-transcribed region of DNA to which RNA polymerase binds to initiate
transcription is called the - ANSa
...

(Exam I) - ANSCell wall
The outer membrane of many bacteria is partly composed of this molecule
a
...
Peptidoglycan
c
...
both a and c
e
...
Lipopolysaccharide
The oxygen produced by photosynthesis comes from - ANSc
...

a
...
Fimbriae
c
...
Pili
e
...
Flagella
The process that destroys or removes all microorganisms and microbial forms including
bacterial endospore is: - ANSSterilization
The production of antibiotics is a form of antagonism called - ANSAntibiosis
The rash and/or hemorrhage associated with Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and
Typhus occur when this bacterium targets the endothelial cells that line blood vessels
a
...
Cyanobacteria
c
...
Rickettsia
e
...
Rickettsia
The RNA molecules that carry amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis
are called - ANSc
...


(Exam I) - ANSCarl Woese and George Fox
The shortest time to kill all the microbes in a sample at a specified temperature is called
the: - ANSThermal death time (TDT)
The site/s for most ATP synthesis in prokaryotic cell is/are the - ANSe
...

(Exam I) - ANSCell membrane
The size difference of this molecule is used to differentiate between gram positive and
gram negative bacteria
a
...
Peptidoglycan
c
...
both a and c
e
...
Peptidoglycan
The size of DNA is often given in the number of ___ that is contains
a
...
Plasmids
c
...
Virus
e
...
Base pairs
the specific binding of HIV to the CD4 surface receptors of the host cell membrane is
brought about by: - ANSGp120
The sterilizing gas used in a special chamber is: - ANSEthylene oxide
The study of evolutionary relationships among organisms is called ______
...
Codon
The toxic superoxide ion is converted to harmless oxygen by two enzymes ANSSuperoxide dismutase and catalase
The toxin of Staphylococcus aureus strains that causes blisters and desquamation of
skin in scalded skin syndrome is: - ANSExfoliative toxin
The transfer of DNA fragments from a dead cel to a live, competent recipient cell that
results in a changed recipient cell is - ANSc
...
Genetic engineering
The virus-induced, specific damage to the host cell that can be seen in a light
microscope is called - ANSCytopathic effects
There are 2 main types of cells
...
Chlamydia
b
...
Mycoplasma
d
...
both a and c
(Exam I) - ANSa
...
Chlamydia
b
...
Mycoplasma
d
...
both a and c
(Exam I) - ANSa
...
Chlamydia
b
...
Mycoplasma
d
...
both a and c
(Exam I) - ANSc
...
Lyme disease
b
...
Syphilis
d
...
both a and c
(Exam I) - ANSc
...
Capsule/slime layer
b
...
Teichoic acid
d
...
both b and c
(Exam I) - ANSc
...

a
...
magnification
c
...
resolution
This layer aids bacteria in generating biofilms
a
...
Outer membrane
c
...
All of these
e
...
Capsule/slime layer
This layer can protect a bacteria from phagocytosis by WBC
a
...
Outer membrane
c
...
All of these
e
...
Capsule/slime layer
This opportunist is the most frequent cause of life-threatening pneumonia in AIDS
patients: - ANSPneumocystis (carinii) jiroveci
This scientist discovered Archaea and established the three domain system of
classification we use today
...
Ferdinand Cohn
b
...
Carolus Linnaeus
d
...
Carl Woese
(Exam I) - ANSe
...

a
...
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
c
...
Robert Koch
e
...
Ferdinand Cohn
This structure contains pairs of linear chromosomes
a
...
Nucleus
c
...
Ribosome
e
...
Nucleus
This structure facilitates the formation of mating bridges between Gram negative
bacteria
a
...
Fimbriae
c
...
Pili
e
...
Pili
This structure is considered a virulence factor because it allows bacteria to adhere to
host surfaces
a
...
Fimbriae
c
...
Pili

e
...
both b and c
This type of anthrax is called "wool-sorter's disease": - ANSPulmonary
Transmission of the pathogen of leishmaniasis is by the - ANSSand fly
Treatment and control of anthrax includes: - ANSAll of the choices are correct
Vials of microorganisms that undergo the freeze-drying process called ______ will
remain preserved and viable in years
a
...
Lyophilization
c
...
Autoclave
e
...
Lyophilization
Viruses have all of the following except - ANSMetabolism
What are the 2 cell types?
(Exam I) - ANSEukaryotic and prokaryotic
What component of lipopolysaccharide accounts for most of its adverse effects? ANSLipid A
What is incorrect about malaria? - ANSThe mosquito inoculates human blood with
merozoites
What is the name of the pure culture technique used to separate bacteria so they can
grow into pure isolated colonies?
(Exam I) - ANSQuadrant Streaking
What mode of HIV transmission is growing more rapidly than any other? - ANSSexual
transmission between homosexual males
What virulence factor is common to all Gram negative bacilli? - ANSEndotoxin
When a control agent targets the metabolic processes of microbial cells, active younger
cells typically die more rapidly than older cells, true or false? - ANSTrue
When a photosystem absorbs light, - ANSd
...
The Sanger Method

When DNA is heated to just below boiling (90C-95C) - ANSd
...

Feedback inhibition
When humans manipulate the genes of microorganisms the process is called ______
(Exam I) - ANSGenetic engineering
When it is important to count the number of cells, determine cell size and differentiate
between dead and live cells a ______ is used - ANSFlow cytometer
When microbes in close nutritional relationship and one benefits but the other is not
harmed, it is called - ANSCommensalism
When patient tissues are transfected with viruses carrying a needed, normal human
gene, the technique is called - ANSb
...

coli O157:H7
Which bacterium was the first organism to produce oxygen as a byproduct of
photosynthesis?
a
...
Cyanobacteria
c
...
Rickettsia
e
...
Cyanobacteria
Which disease is caused by a spirochete?
a
...
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
c
...
both a and b
e
...
Syphilis
Which disease is usually characterized by the early presence of a bull's-eye rash and
tertiary symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis?
a
...
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
c
...
both a and b
e
...
Lyme disease
Which form of anthrax involves a black eschar on the skin? - ANSCutaneous
Which is incorrect about histoplasmosis? - ANSNever spreads to sites outside the
respiratory tract
Which is incorrect about inducible operons? - ANSa
...
H antigen - fimbriae
b
...
O antigen - cell wall, somatic
d
...
None of the choices are correct - ANSa
...
Lipopolysaccharide
b
...
Phospholipid
d
...
both a and b
(Exam I) - ANSc
...
Lipopolysaccharide
b
...
Phospholipid
d
...
both a and b
(Exam I) - ANSb
...

Which of the features is found in eukaryotes but not bacteria? - ANSc
...
Bacillus anthracis
b
...
Escherichia coli
d
...
both a and b - ANSBoth A and B
(bacillus anthracis and clostridium tetani)
Which of the following characteristics refers to the microscope's ability to show two
separate entities as separate and distinct?
(Exam I) - ANSResolving power
Which of the following i not a major element of a microbial cell? - ANSCopper
Which of the following is acquired when amoebas are forced into human nasal
passages during swimming? - ANSNaegleria fowleri
Which of the following is correct about viruses? - ANSCannot be seen with a light
microscope
Which of the following is not a process in the scientific method?
(Exam I) - ANSA belief in a preconceived idea
Which of the following is not a type of bacterial DNA recombination? - ANSc
...
Uses the same final
electron acceptors as aerobic respiration
Which of the following is not true of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis? ANSc
...
Simultaneous
transcription and translation
Which of the following may be recommended for treating gangrene? - ANSAll of the
choices are correct

Which of the following microbial forms have the highest resistance to physical and
chemical controls? - ANSBacterial endospores
Which of the following represents a virus family name? - ANSHerpesviridae
Which of the following represents the proper order of steps for a Gram stain? - ANSd
...
Bacillus anthracis
b
...
Escherichia coli
d
...
both a and b - ANSd
...
Silver
b
...
Tin
d
...
both a and b are correct - ANSe
...
Ferdinand Cohn
b
...
Carolus Linnaeus
d
...
Carl Woese
(Exam I) - ANSd
...
tetrad
Which type of media can be used to determine if a bacteria is motile? - ANSa
...
Alexander Fleming
b
...
Francesco Redi
d
...
John Tyndall
(Exam I) - ANSe
...
Alexander Fleming
b
...
Francesco Redi
d
...
John Tyndall
(Exam I) - ANSb
...
Alexander Fleming
b
...
Francesco Redi
d
...
John Tyndall
(Exam I) - ANSd

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