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Organic Chemistry Notes

1
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These
compounds can range from simple molecules like methane (CH4) to complex macromolecules like
proteins and DNA
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2
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This type of bonding is essential in molecules like hydrocarbons
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For example, sp3 hybridization in
methane leads to a tetrahedral structure
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This helps stabilize molecules such as benzene
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Functional Groups
Functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the
characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules
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g
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g
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g
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g
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g
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g
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Nomenclature of Organic Compounds
The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) provides rules for naming organic
compounds
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For example, the name 'ethanol' refers to a two-carbon alcohol with the molecular
formula C2H5OH
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5
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Types of
isomerism include:
- Structural Isomerism: Molecules have the same formula but different arrangements of atoms
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- Stereoisomerism: Molecules have the same structure but different spatial arrangements
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g
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6
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g
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- Addition Reactions: Atoms are added to a molecule, e
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, the hydrogenation of alkenes
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g
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- Oxidation and Reduction: Organic compounds undergo oxidation (loss of electrons) or reduction

(gain of electrons)
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7
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Important reaction mechanisms
include:
- Nucleophilic Substitution (SN1, SN2): A nucleophile attacks an electron-deficient carbon, replacing
a leaving group
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g
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- Elimination (E1, E2): Removal of atoms or groups from a molecule, leading to the formation of a
double bond
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Aromatic Compounds
Aromatic compounds contain conjugated pi-electron systems and follow Huckel's rule (4n+2 pi
electrons)
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Aromatic compounds undergo electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions,
such as nitration and halogenation
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Polymers
Polymers are large molecules made from repeating smaller units called monomers
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g
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- Condensation Polymers: Formed by the condensation of monomers with the loss of small
molecules, e
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, nylon
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Spectroscopy in Organic Chemistry
Spectroscopy helps identify organic compounds by analyzing the interaction of molecules with
different forms of radiation:
- IR Spectroscopy: Measures bond vibrations and is used to identify functional groups
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- Mass Spectroscopy: Measures the mass-to-charge ratio of ions to determine the molecular weight
and structure

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