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NUR2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology
Exam 2 (Latest 2024 / 2025)
1
...
This sexually transmitted virus is the main cause of cervical cancer in women CORRECT ANSWER human papilloma virus (HPV)
3
...
This STI can cause infection in the eyes of a newborn during birth - CORRECT
ANSWER Chlamydia
5
...
What has manifestations of coffee-colored urine, proteinuria, and edema? CORRECT ANSWER glomerulonephritis
7
...
Weight gain, bradycardia, constipation, and lethargy are manifestations of what?
- CORRECT ANSWER hypothyroidism
9
...
severe RUQ pain is hallmark manifestation for this gallbladder related disorder CORRECT ANSWER gallstones
11
...
lifting heavy objects, bending over, obesity can exacerbate this GI disorder CORRECT ANSWER hernia
13
...
ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are examples of this type of GI disorder CORRECT ANSWER inflammatory bowel disorders

NUR2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology
Exam 2 (Latest 2024 / 2025)
15
...
excessive amounts of this hormone can lead to an endocrine disorder known as
acromegaly - CORRECT ANSWER growth hormone
17
...
excessive amounts of this hormone can cause a disorder known as Cushing's
syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER cortisol
19
...
prodromal, oliguric, and post-oliguric are phases of what - CORRECT ANSWER
three phases of acute kidney injury (AKI)
21
...
hypotension can lead to this type of acute renal failure - CORRECT ANSWER
pre-renal failure
23
...
what chronic disorder of the kidneys is caused by a genetic mutation? CORRECT ANSWER polycystic kidney disease
25
...
an excess of grown hormone in childhood results in - CORRECT ANSWER
gigantism
27
...
manifestations of hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism are related to
excessive or insufficient amounts of serum _____________? - CORRECT
ANSWER calcium

NUR2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology
Exam 2 (Latest 2024 / 2025)
29
...
A unique feature of Grave's disease is protrusion of the eyeballs and is called? CORRECT ANSWER exopthalmos
31
...
A common cause of endocrine disorders, especially in women is
__________________ - CORRECT ANSWER autoimmune
33
...
a potentially lethal condition in which there is an acute elevation of circulating
thyroid hormones is called ________________ - CORRECT ANSWER thyroid
storm
35
...
T/F: Diabetes insipidus is characterized by hypernatremia? - CORRECT
ANSWER True
37
...
T/F: Pheochromocytoma is a life-threatening disease characterized by
intermittent, severe hypertension? - CORRECT ANSWER True
39
...

Hyperparathyroidism=hypercalcemia
...
T/F: Patients with type II diabetes mellitus may take both oral agents and
injectable insulin - CORRECT ANSWER True

NUR2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology
Exam 2 (Latest 2024 / 2025)
41
...
polyphagia is increased
appetite
...
T/F: Type one diabetes mellitus differs from type 2 diabetes mellitus because
endogenous insulin prevents lipolysis and production of ketone bodies? CORRECT ANSWER True
43
...
T/F: risk factors for immune-mediated type 1 diabetes are genetic predisposition
and poor dietary habits? - CORRECT ANSWER false, Poor dietary habits
could be type 2
45
...
what electrolyte changes can happen with hyperparathyroidism? - CORRECT
ANSWER Calcium-hypercalcemia, hypermagnesemia
47
...
Pathophysiology of hyperparathyroidism - CORRECT ANSWER tumors,
hyperplasia, and chronic hypocalcemia (renal failure) can cause excessive PTH
production
49
...
hyperphosphatemia, and metabolic alkalosis
51
...

52
...
cramping, diarrhea,
painful menstruation, dry corase skin, patchy hair loss, brittle nails, anxiety,
headaches, depression/mood swings, memory loss
53
...
pain, constipation, fatigue, weaknmess, flaccid

NUR2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology
Exam 2 (Latest 2024 / 2025)
muscles, dysrhythmias, hypertension, depression, forgetfulness, bone and joint
pain, nausea, vomiting and anorexia
54
...
excessive iodine, Grave's disease,
nonmalignant tumors, thyroid inflammation, taking lg amounts of thyroid hormone
replacement
55
...
Treatment for hyperthyroidism - CORRECT ANSWER antithyroid medications,
radioactive iodine, anti-thyroid agents, beta blockers, thyoidectomy
57
...
could be caused in hypothalamus or pituitary
gland, or thyroid itself
...
Advancing age is risk factor
...
autoimmune-hashimotos, iatrogenic
60
...
Hypothyroidism treatment - CORRECT ANSWER thyroid hormone
replacement- levothyroxine (T4)
62
...
diabetes mellitus pathophysiology - CORRECT ANSWER group of conditions
characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin production,
action, or both
...
clinical manifestations of diabetes mellitus - CORRECT ANSWER
hyperglycemia, glucosuria, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, blurred
vision, fatigue

NUR2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology
Exam 2 (Latest 2024 / 2025)
65
...
Cushing
disease-is cushing syndrome that results from increased pituitary production of
ACTH (usually pituitary adenoma)
66
...
iatrogenic,
resulinging from glucocorticoid meds that mimic body's own hormones
...
can be caused by adrenal tumars that secrete glucocorticoids or androgens
...
Hormones involved in Cushings syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER cortisolglucocorticoids
...
adrenal tumors-secrete glucocorticoids
70
...
paraneoplastic syndrome-resulting from cancers outside endocrine sysytem can
also cause cushing syndrome by increasing ACTH and cortisol
72
...
calcium? osteoporosis can occur
74
...
most occur in the adrenal medulla
...

75
...
Can manifest with hypertension, tachycardia, dysrhythmias,
forceful palpitations, angina, profound diaphoresis, tachypnea or dyspnea,
hyperglycemia, abd
...

76
...

77
...
Type 1 diabetes mellitus diagnosis - CORRECT ANSWER fasting plasma
glucose >126 mg/dLa, or 2-hour plasma glucose >200 mg/dL a post 75 g glucose
challenge, or random plasma glucose >200 mg/dL with symptoms (polyuria,
polydipsia, unexplained weight loss)

NUR2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology
Exam 2 (Latest 2024 / 2025)
79
...
cells starved
for energy, body breaks down fat-producing toxic acids (ketones) hyperglycemia,
decreased potassium-could be high because of shift at first
80
...
Type 2 diabetes mellitus diagnosis - CORRECT ANSWER Fasting blood
glucose testing
82
...

over 6
...
hypoglycemia manifestions - CORRECT ANSWER shakiness, dizziness,
sweating, hunger, fast heartbeat, inability to concentrate, confusion, irritability or
moodiness, blurred vision, seizures
84
...
treatment of hyper and hypoglycemia - CORRECT ANSWER insulin for hyper,
hypoglycemia may require carbs
86
...
most
occur in ascending fashion from meatus
...
coli
...
urine is acidic and flushes bacteria-stay hydrated
87
...
same treatment as UTI unless not from infection
88
...

89
...
bladder cancer risks factors - CORRECT ANSWER smoking, aging caucasian
men, long-term exposure to chemicals, recurrent UTIs, long-term cathetar
placement, previous chemo or radiation

NUR2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology
Exam 2 (Latest 2024 / 2025)
91
...
or back pain
92
...
Endometriosis Pathophysiology - CORRECT ANSWER presence of
endometrial tissue outside the uterus
...

94
...
Cervical Cancer cause and patho - CORRECT ANSWER almost all cervical
cancers caused by HPV
...
Cervical cancer treatment - CORRECT ANSWER loop electrosurgical excision
procedure (LEEP), cryotherapy, laser therapy, chemo, radiation, surgery
97
...
cervicitis, endometritits, salpingitis (oviducts), oophoritis (ovaries), parametritis
(when connective tissue underlying these structures is involved)
99
...

PID causes, treatment - CORRECT ANSWER bacteria introduced into
reproductive tract
...

gonorrhea and chlamydia are most common culprits
102
...

Acute pyelonephritis pathophysiology - CORRECT ANSWER infection of
1 or both kidneys, most common ascending infection from the lower urinary tract
...

obstruction or urethral reflux allows contaiminated urine to enter the
kidney

NUR2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology
Exam 2 (Latest 2024 / 2025)
105
...

acute pyelonephritis manifesatitons - CORRECT ANSWER CVA
tenderness (classic sight) with fever, chills, dysuria urgency, frequency
107
...

Renal Calculi pathophysiology/ nephrolithiasis - CORRECT ANSWER
kidney stones
...
concentrated urine (dehydration, gout, renal disease)
...

manifestations of renal calculi - CORRECT ANSWER bloody, cloudy, or
foul smelling urine, dysuria, frequency, genital discharge, renal colic (pain in flank
that radiates down), n/v, fever and chills
110
...

renal calculi treatment - CORRECT ANSWER extracorporeal shock
wave lithotripsy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy, ureteroscopy, surgical removal if
they dont pass, too large, obstruct urine flow, cause ongoing UTIs or renal
damage or if they enlarge
112
...
disrupt blood flow on its way to
kidneys due to condidntons that diminish kidney perfustion
...

hypovolemia, hypotension, heart failure; renal artery obstruction; fever,
vomiting, diarrhea, burns, overuse of diurretics, edema, ascities, drugs-ACE
inhibitors, angiotension II blockers, NSAIDS
114
...

Post-renal kidney injury findings - CORRECT ANSWER Based on
duration of the obstruction
...

prolonged postrenal ARF leads to acute tubular necrosis (intrinsic) and if
continues leads to irreversible kidney damage

NUR2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology
Exam 2 (Latest 2024 / 2025)
117
...
due to a primary
dysfunction of the nephrons and kidey itself
...

intra-renal kidney injury findings - CORRECT ANSWER most commonly
acute tubular necrosis (ATN); may also occur with glomerular inflammation,
vascular (clots), or interstitial etiologies
119
...

Proteinuria suggests pathology in which part of the kidney? - CORRECT
ANSWER glomerulus
121
...

females are anatomically more likely to contract UTI because of? CORRECT ANSWER proximity
123
...
coli

124
...

manifestations of hypothyroidism include - CORRECT ANSWER weight
gain, fatigue, goiter
126
...

How does intussusception occur? - CORRECT ANSWER when one part
of the intestines slides into another part
128
...

Primary role of the parathyroid gland is what> - CORRECT ANSWER
regulate serum calcium levels

NUR2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology
Exam 2 (Latest 2024 / 2025)
130
...

What lab result would indicate hypothyroidism? - CORRECT ANSWER
High TSH
...

Acromegaly results from? - CORRECT ANSWER pathologic or
autonomous GH excess
133
...


Symptoms of SIADH - CORRECT ANSWER hyponatremia

135
...

Pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER renal infection leads to vascular
occlusion and ischemia
137
...

fever, flank pain, and pyuria
139
...


Hypercortisolism is also known as? - CORRECT ANSWER Cushings

141
...

complications of diabetes - CORRECT ANSWER kidney disease,
stroke, high blood pressure
143
...

Type 2 diabetes means - CORRECT ANSWER cells in body resist
insulin and glucose uptake
145
...

what is endometriosis - CORRECT ANSWER lining of uterus grows on
outside
147
...

When does GERD occur? - CORRECT ANSWER when gastric acid
damages the esophageal mucosa
149
...
teaching for GERD should include - CORRECT ANSWER avoiding
trigger foods like caffeine, alcohol, and acidic foods
150
...
pylori? CORRECT ANSWER peptic ulcers
151
...

T/F protein and RBCs are commonly found in urine? - CORRECT
ANSWER false
153
...
other cancers

154
...

gastroenteritis causes what? - CORRECT ANSWER V+, D+, lethargy,
abdominial tenderness and dry heaving
156
...

Crohns disease is what? - CORRECT ANSWER inflammatory bowel
disease
158
...
- CORRECT ANSWER increased urination

159
...


PID can be caused by - CORRECT ANSWER neisseria gonorrhoeae

NUR2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology
Exam 2 (Latest 2024 / 2025)
161
...

163
...

165
...


In acute kidney injury, which one is a pre-renal cause?
glomerular nephritis
hypovolemia
benign prostatic hyperplasia
nephrotoxic drugs - CORRECT ANSWER hypovolemia

167
...

symptoms of thyroid storm - CORRECT ANSWER high body
temperature, tachycardia, hypertension
169
...

hypernatremia
171
...

flat neck veins
173
...

174
...

syphillis has how many stages? - CORRECT ANSWER 3, kind of 4 if
you include latent
176
...

what are gallstones - CORRECT ANSWER small hard masses that form
in the gallbladder
178
...

chronic kidney disease can be a result of _________
180
...

diabetes and chronic hypertension
182
...

syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia are bacterial stis and treated with
what? - CORRECT ANSWER antibiotics

NUR2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology
Exam 2 (Latest 2024 / 2025)
184
...

tachycardia
186
...

pain worsened by eating
188
...

main cause of pancreatits - CORRECT ANSWER ETOH abuse (ethyl
alcohol)
190
...


what is dysphasia - CORRECT ANSWER difficulty swallowing

192
...

describe the flow of filtrate in the kidney - CORRECT ANSWER
bowman's capsule- proximal convoluted tubule-loop of Henle
194
...
Which type of
kidney injury will be documented on the chart?
195
...

post-renal
197
...

intrarenal - CORRECT ANSWER pre-renal kidney injury
199
...
What
laboratory finding is of greatest concern to the nurse?
200
...

hyperkalemia
202
...

hypokalemia - CORRECT ANSWER hyperkalemia
204
...
Which syndrome is
the patient experiencing?
205
...

Elevated PTH
207
...

Protein-energy wasting - CORRECT ANSWER Uremic

NUR2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology
Exam 2 (Latest 2024 / 2025)
209
...

phases of acute tubular necrosis - CORRECT ANSWER prodromal
phase, oliguric phase, postoliguric phase
211
...
damage done to to kidneys from harmful substances, or
ischemia
...
can cause kidney
failure
...

chronic kidney disease pathophysiology - CORRECT ANSWER
outcome of progressive and irrevocable loss of functional nephrons
...
CKD -> chronic renal failure (CRF) -> end stage renal disease
(ESRD)
...
linked with hypertension and diabetes mellitus
213
...

weakness, fatigue headache
...

HTN, pitting edema, periorbital edema, heart failure, pericarditis
215
...

withdrawn behavior, depression
217
...

hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis
219
...

ecchymosis, pruitis, yellow gray skin color
221
...

bone pain
223
...
smoky, coffee-colored
urine
224
...

diabetes and children - CORRECT ANSWER usually type 1 diagnosed
in chlidren, or under 30 years of age
...

226
...
insulin stimulates Na+-H+ antiporter on cell

NUR2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology
Exam 2 (Latest 2024 / 2025)
membrane promoting entry of sodium into cells, which leads to activation of Na+K+ ATPase, causing electrogenic influx of potassium
227
...

diabetes insipidus pathophysiology - CORRECT ANSWER a deficiency
of or decreased response to ADH
...

229
...

neurogenic or central DI- defect in synthesis or release of ADH that
happens because kidneys don't respond to ADH
...

hypospadias pathophysiology - CORRECT ANSWER is congenital,
urethral meatus located on ventral undersurface of penis
...
meatus located anywhere between perineum and glans
...

Testicular torsion clinical manifestations - CORRECT ANSWER sudden
scrotal edema and pain as twisting of spermatic cord compresses blood vessels
leading to ischemia nad necrosis
...

can also manifest with nausea, vomiting, dizziness, hematospermia, and
testicular mass
...

testicular torsion indications for treatment/management - CORRECT
ANSWER testicular doppler to determine blood flow and scotal ultrasound
...
surgery required to treat within 6 hours to
prevent necrosis
...

Epididymitis Pathophysiology - CORRECT ANSWER inflammation of
the epididymitis from ascending bacterial infections or STI, TB, and the
antidysrhythmic medication amiodarone (cordarone)
...
antibiotic therapy, analgesics, bed rest, scrotal
support
...

Urethral strictures etiology/pathophysiology - CORRECT ANSWER 1
...

236
...
Congenital or acquired
...

3
...

238
...

declining testosterone and increasing estrogen and rising dihydrotestosterone
levels thought to cause prostatic stromal cell proliferation
...
As it expands, presses against urethra like clamp on a hose
...
bladder wall becomes thick and irritated as urine
overfills this organ
...

risk factors for BPH - CORRECT ANSWER age over 50, obesity, DM,
hormone supplementation, lack of physical activity
240
...

manifestations of BPH - CORRECT ANSWER frequency, urgency,
hesitancy
242
...

treatment of BPH - CORRECT ANSWER relieving urinary obstruction
and reestablishing sexual function
...
shrink or limit growth of prostate
...

some herbal remedies
...
hyperthermia, highdensity forced ultrasound
244
...
Secondary=abesnt after 1st period
...

hormonal disturbances, stress, weight loss, anemia, neoplasms
...

treatment at underlying cause, surgery for tumor removal, hormonal
supplementation
247
...

cahnge in size, shape, feel of breast or nipple
249
...

edema or pitting of breast-peau d'Orange
251
...


breast cancer diagnosis - CORRECT ANSWER mammogram, biopsy

253
...
more prominent-pain with menstrual cycle
...
located in upper outer quadrant,
size fluctuates
254
...
hard uneven and
painles
...
breast cancer also has
nipple drainage, edema and pitting or orange peel skin
255
...

gonorrhea manifestations - CORRECT ANSWER dysuria, frequency,
urgency, penile/vaginal/rectal discharge that is white yellow or green, redness or
edema at urinary meatus in men, testicular tenderness, rectal pain, painful sexual
intercourse, pharyngitis, white blisters that darken and disappear
...

GERD Patophysiology - CORRECT ANSWER backflow of gastric
contents into esophagus through LES
...

gastritis causes - CORRECT ANSWER acute-alcohol, asprin, NSAIDS,
viral, bacterial, or auto immune
259
...

260
...
intestine



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