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`FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING Ⅰ
Definition of Nursing
Nursing is an art and science by which people are assisted in learning to care for themselves
whenever possible and cared for by others when they are unable to meet their own needs
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She also emphasized hygiene and comfort
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➔ Nursing is a helping profession
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Client: A person who engages the advice or services of another who is qualified to provide this
service
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5 C’s of Caring
● Compassion
● Competence
● Confidence
● Conscience
● Commitment
Theories of caring
Swanson’s theory of caring

It outlines knowing, being with, doing for, enabling and maintaining belief
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Leininger’s theory
Nurses cannot separate worldviews, social structure factors, cultural beliefs or practices from
health, wellness, illness or care when working with cultures because these factors are closely
linked/interrelated
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Schoenhofer’s theory
Nursing is caring
Benner’s theory
Expert nurses develop skills and understanding of patient care over time through proper
educational background as well as personal experience
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Knowledge types
1
...
Aesthetic knowledge- a unique means through which clients and nurses can explore
personal perceptions of aspects of their world and fosters a creative sense of
self-awareness
3
...
Ethical knowledge- helps caregivers consider patient needs from several viewpoints and
maintain a safe recovery environment
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- The International Council of Nurses(ICN) is the overall body from which other councils
borrow the laws and regulations to implement in their countries or regions
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-Below are the functions of one of the Nurse Council bodies:
Functions of the Nursing Council of Kenya(NCK)
● To establish and improve standards of all branches of the nursing profession in all their
aspects and to safeguard interests
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To recommend to the minister institutions to be approved for training of persons seeking
registration
With the approval of the minister, to prescribe and conduct exams
To have regard to the conduct of persons registered, enrolled and licensed under this
ACT
To have regard to the standards of Nursing care, qualified staff, facilities, conditions and
environment of health institutions
To direct and supervise the compilation and maintenance of registers, roles, and records
To advise the minister on matters concerning all aspects of nursing

Functions of the National Nurses Association of Kenya(NNAK)
● To promote quality nursing care and maintain the honour, interest
● To promote and maintain high-quality standards of nursing education
● To act as a local representative body of the nursing profession
● To promote high standards of nursing ethics, conduct and practice
Types of Theory
1
...
Non-Consequential Theory
Consequentialist Theory
Definition of consequentialist theory
Consequentialist theory is a branch of normative ethics that evaluates the morality of an
action based on its outcomes or consequences
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● Egoistic theory- produce the greatest of good for a person
● Common good approach- our actions should combine with the ethical communal life
Non-Consequential Theory
Definition of non-consequential theory
The non-consequential theory is a branch of normative ethics that evaluates the morality of
actions based on factors other than their outcomes or consequences
...

● Rights-based approach- focuses on the inherent rights of individuals, which must be
respected regardless of the consequences
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●

Divine command theory- morality is determined by the will or commandments of a
divine being
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-It is the philosophical idea of right and wrong behaviour
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-Ethics are valued behaviours and beliefs associated with a society
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An intentional act that causes harmful or offensive contact
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Defamation of Character(slander)
Making derogatory remarks about someone which diminishes their reputation
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Liability
Be legally responsible by law
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Unintentional torts
a
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b
...
Failure to maintain safety
b
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Failure to monitor and report
d
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Failure to follow policy/procedures
f
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Improper use of equipment
Causes of license suspension
● Not reporting substandard nursing care
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THE NURSING PROCESS
It is a deliberate, problem-solving approach used in nursing to meet the healthcare and nursing
needs of patients
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It involves:
1
...
Nursing Diagnosis
3
...
Implementation
5
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The purpose is to; diagnose and treat human responses, to actual or potential health
problems
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ASSESSMENT
It is the first step of the nursing process
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Primary source- client’s physical assessment
b
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Subjective/covert- experienced only by the client(that is their symptom)
E
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Objective/overt- observable data( that is a ‘sign’)
E
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NURSING DIAGNOSIS
It is the second step of the nursing process
It is a problem statement of how the client is responding to a problem that requires nursing
intervention
Maybe an actual/potential problem
Types of Nursing Diagnosis
● Actual
● Risk
● Health promotion
● Wellness
● Syndrome
Formulating an actual Nursing Diagnosis
It is composed of three parts:
1
...

2
...
Defined characteristics (signs and symptoms)- refers to evidence of the problem
3
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IMPLEMENTATION
It is the fourth step of the nursing process
It is the ‘Doing’ step
It involves carrying out nursing interventions(orders) selected during the planning step
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EVALUATION
It is the final step of the nursing process but is also done concurrently throughout the client’s
care
It constitutes:
● A comparison of client behaviour/response
Factors that impede goal attainment
● Incomplete database
● Unrealistic client outcomes
● Nonspecific interventions
● Inadequate time for the client to achieve outcomes



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