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of those that live in water some do so in
one way, and some in another: that is to say,
some live and feed in the water, take 
in and emit water, and cannot live if
deprived of water, as is the case with the
great majority of fishes; others get their 
food and spend their days in the water, but
do not take in water but air, nor do they
bring forth in the water
...
Some creatures get their
living in the water and cannot exist 
outside it: but for all that do not take in
either air or water, as, for instance, the seanettle and the oyster
...

Of animals that live on dry land some take
in air and emit it, which phenomena are
termed 'inhalation' and 'exhalation'; as, 
for instance, man and all such land animal
as are furnished with lungs
...
And by 'insects' I mean such 
creatures as have nicks or notches on their
 bodies, either on their bellies or on both
 backs and bellies
...

Some animals at first live in water, and by
and by change their shape and live out of
water, as is the case with river worms, 
for out of these the gadfly develops
...
Stationary animals
are found in water, but no such creature 
is found on dry land
...
And, by the way, the
sponge appears to be endowed with a
certain sensibility: as a proof of which it 
is alleged that the difficulty in detaching it
from its moorings is increased if the
movement to detach it be not covertly 
applied
...

 Just copy the text into your script and run it
...
But of all animals man alone is
 capable of deliberation
...

With regard to the several genera of
 animals, particulars as to their habits of life
 and modes of existence will be discussed
 more fully by and by
...

Furthermore, the great majority of animals
 have other organs besides these in
 common, whereby they discharge the
 residuum of their food: I say, the great
 majority, for this statement does not apply
 to all
...

Now the residuum of food is twofold in kind,
 wet and dry, and such creatures as have
 organs receptive of wet residuum are
 invariably found with organs receptive of
 dry residuum; but such as have organs
 receptive of dry residuum need not
 possess organs receptive of wet residuum
...
And, by the way, I may here remark
 that the organ receptive of wet residuum is
 termed ‘bladder’, and the organ receptive of
 dry residuum ‘intestine or ‘bowel’
...
For, whenever a race of animals is
 found domesticated, the same is always to
 be found in a wild condition; as we find to

 be the case with horses, kine, swine, (men),
 sheep, goats, and dogs
...

Again, some creatures live in the fields, as
 the cushat; some on the mountains, as the
 hoopoe; some frequent the abodes of men,
 as the pigeon
...

Of marine animals, again, some live in the
 open seas, some near the shore, some on
 rocks
...

 Of the former kind are such as act as
 aggressors upon others or retaliate when
 subjected to ill usage, and of the latter kind
 are such as merely have some means of
 guarding themselves against attack
...
Some are good-tempered,
 sluggish, and little prone to ferocity, as the
 ox; others are quick tempered, ferocious

 and unteachable, as the wild boar; some
 are intelligent and timid, as the stag and
 the hare; others are mean and treacherous,
 as the snake; others are noble and
 courageous and high-bred, as the lion;
 others are thorough-bred and wild and
 treacherous, as the wolf: for, by the way, an
 animal is highbred if it come from a noble
 stock, and an animal is thorough-bred if it
 does not deflect from its racial
 characteristics
...
Of creatures that live
 in water many kinds of fishes are
 gregarious, such as the so-called migrants,
 the tunny, the pelamys, and the bonito
...

Social creatures are such as have some one
 common object in view; and this property is
 not common to all creatures that are
 gregarious
...

Again, of these social creatures some
 submit to a ruler, others are subject to no
 governance: as, for instance, the crane and
 the several sorts of bee submit to a ruler,
 whereas ants and numerous other
 creatures are every one his own master
...

Also, some are carnivorous, some
 graminivorous, some omnivorous: whilst

 some feed on a peculiar diet, as for
 instance the bees and the spiders, for the
 bee lives on honey and certain other
 sweets, and the spider lives by catching
 flies; and some creatures live on fish
...

Some creatures provide themselves with a
 dwelling, others go without one: of the
 former kind are the mole, the mouse, the
 ant, the bee; of the latter kind are many
 insects and quadrupeds
...
Some
 make to themselves holes, others do not
...


Moreover, some creatures are tame and
 some are wild: some are at all times tame,
 as man and the mule; others are at all
 times savage, as the leopard and the wolf;
 and some creatures can be rapidly tamed,
 as the elephant
...

Many creatures are unattached but
 motionless, as is the case with oysters and
 the so-called holothuria
...
But
 some of these last move by walking, as the
 crab, for it is the nature of the creature,

 though it lives in water, to move by walking
...
Of
 the animals that are furnished with feet
 some walk, some creep, and some wriggle
...

Some birds have feet of little power, and are
 therefore called Apodes
...
(The apus is to be seen at
 all seasons, but the drepanis only after
 rainy weather in summer; for this is the
 time when it is seen and captured, though,
 as a general rule, it is a rare bird
...

Furthermore, the following differences are
 manifest in their modes of living and in
 their actions
...

 And of the gregarious, some are disposed
 to combine for social purposes, others to live each for its own
self
...
The latter is termed ‘female’, and the
 former ‘male’; but some animals have
 neither male nor female
...

 The above-mentioned organs, then, are the
 most indispensable parts of animals; and
 with some of them all animals without
 exception, and with others animals for the
 most part, must needs be provided
...
Consequently,
 there is no special name for the organ in

 which it has its seat; for in some groups of
 animals the organ is identical, in others it is
 only analogous
...

 These parts are blood and vein, and in
 other animals there is something to
 correspond; but in these latter the parts are
 imperfect, being merely fibre and serum or lymph
...
In other animals it has its seat
 in parts analogous to the parts charged

 with blood; but in all cases it is seated in
 parts that in their texture are homogeneous
...

Crooked or coiled at the tip, but not of
 flexing like a joint, for it is composed of
 gristle
...

All animals have a part analogous to the
 chest in man, but not similar to his; for the
 chest in man is broad, but that of all other
 animals is narrow
...

Moreover, also, animals have the flexions of
 their fore and opposite to one another, and
 in directions the reverse of those observed
 in the arms and legs of man; with the
 exception of the elephant
...

The elephant does not sleep standing, as
 some were wont to assert, but it bends its
 legs and settles down; only that in
 consequence of its weight, it cannot bend
 its legs on both sides simultaneously, but
 falls into a recumbent position on one side
 or the other, and in this position it goes to
 sleep
...
The flexion is
 similar in the case of the multipedes; only
 that the legs in these animals are more and
 always move in a manner intermediate
 between that of the fore and hind legs
 combined, and accordingly bend sideways
 rather than backwards or forwards
...
And no
 animal bends both its fore-limbs and hindlimbs backwards; but man bends his arms
 at the flexion of the shoulders in the
 opposite direction to that of the elbows or

 the joints of the forelegs, and the flexure in
 the hips to that of the knees of the hindlegs: so that in such manner, it differs from
 other animals in flexion, those animals that
 possess such parts as these move them
 contrariwise to man
...

 For as a general rule, all animals that are
 generically distinct have the majority of
 their parts or organs different in form or
 species; and some of them have only
 analogically similar and diverse in kind or

 genus, while they have others that are alike
 in kind but specifically diverse; and many
 parts or organs exist in some animals but not in others
...
The
 lion has its neck composed of one single
 bone called the vertebrae; but, when
 dissected, the animal is found in all internal
 characters to resemble the dog
...
This is true of all
 quadrupeds, but of such of them as have
 toes have, practically speaking, organs
 analogous to hands; at all events, they use
 these fore-limbs for many purposes as
 hands
...


The fore-limbs then serve more or less the
 purpose of hands in quadrupeds, with the
 exception of the elephant
...
But it has a
 nose such in properties and such in size as
 to allow of its using the same for a hand
...

Considerable ducts or ureters into the
 bladder; and others spring from the aorta,
 strong and continuous
...
And
 these off-branchings of the veins terminate
 in the bladder
...
The bladder
 in man is, proportionately to his size,
 tolerably large
...
The penis is gristly
 and sinewy in its texture
...

All these organs are similar in the female;
 for there is no difference in regard to the
 internal organs, except in respect to the
 womb, and with reference to the
 appearance of this organ I must refer the
 reader to diagrams in my 'Anatomy'
...
But we
 must treat by and by in our pages of the
 womb of all female animals viewed
 generally
...

These are the organs, internal and external,

 of man, and such is their nature and such
 their local disposition

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