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Morphology of Flowering Plants

Stem
Bears branches, leaves, flowers, and fruits
Conducts water and minerals to all parts of the plant body
Bears nodes and internodes
Stem modifications
For storage – Example: Potato, ginger, turmeric
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For protection – Thorns in Citrus, Bougainvillea
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Leaf
Performs the function of photosynthesis
Consists of leaf base, petiole, and lamina
Veins help in the transport of water to all leaf parts
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Parallel venation is found in monocots
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Example: Mango
Leaves may be simple or compound
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It may be alternate as in
china rose, opposite as in Calotropis or whorled as in Alstonia
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Racemose- In this, main axis continues to grow and flowers are borne laterally
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Flower
Flower is the reproductive unit in angiosperms
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Unisexual flower has either androecium or gynoecium
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Example: Datura and mustard
Zygomorphic flower has bilateral symmetry
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Example: Canna

Parts of flower
Calyx is outermost whorl of a flower composed of sepals
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Corolla is composed of petals
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It may be
gamopetalous (united petals) or polypetalous (free petals)
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Based on attachment of anther with floral parts, it can be epiphyllous (attached with perianth) or
epipetalous (attached with petals)
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A sterile stamen is called a staminode
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Based on position of ovary, a flower can be hypogynous (ovary is superior), perigynous or
epigynous (ovary is inferior)
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Aestivation is the arrangement of sepals and petals in a flower bud
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It can be
marginal – Example: Pea
axile – Example: Tomato
parietal – Example: Mustard
free central – Example: Dianthus
basal – Example: Sunflower

Floral Formulae
Floral formulae are represented by symbols
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Parthenocarpic fruits: Fruits formed without fertilization of ovary
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Conditions necessary for germination
1
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Oxygen
3
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The seed takes up water and swells
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The embryonic radicle and plumule start growing and force the seed coat to rupture
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The radicle comes out first and forms the root followed by the plumule which develops into the shoot
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Epigeal germination: in this method the cotyledons are lifted above the ground and they act as the
first leaves as a result of the rapid elongation of the hypocotyl
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2
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It takes place in seeds like pea, maize, mango etc
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Androecium : Ten, diadelphous, anther dithecous
Gynoecium : Ovary superior, monocarpellary, unilocular ovary, single style
Fruit
: Legume, one to many seeds, non-endospermous

Floral formula :

Floral diagram

Family Liliaceae
Floral characters include :

Inflorescence : Solitary, cymose
Flower
: Bisexual, actinomorphic
Calyx
: Six tepals (3 + 3), united into tube, valvate aestivation
Androecium : Six stamens (3 + 3)
Gynoecium : Tricarpellary, syncarpous, superior ovary, trilocular with many ovules, axile
placentation

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