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Title: "RadPosi: Mastering Skull Positioning for Clear and Accurate Cranial Imaging!"
Description: "RadPosi: Skull" focuses on the essential radiographic positioning techniques used to capture detailed images of the skull. This session covers the proper alignment and positioning for various skull views, including the lateral, anteroposterior (AP), and Townes projections, which are critical for evaluating conditions such as fractures, tumors, and other cranial abnormalities. Understanding the anatomy and positioning of the skull is vital for obtaining accurate diagnostic images while ensuring optimal image quality and minimizing radiation exposure. Mastery of skull positioning is crucial for radiographers working in neurology, trauma, and other medical specialties.
Description: "RadPosi: Skull" focuses on the essential radiographic positioning techniques used to capture detailed images of the skull. This session covers the proper alignment and positioning for various skull views, including the lateral, anteroposterior (AP), and Townes projections, which are critical for evaluating conditions such as fractures, tumors, and other cranial abnormalities. Understanding the anatomy and positioning of the skull is vital for obtaining accurate diagnostic images while ensuring optimal image quality and minimizing radiation exposure. Mastery of skull positioning is crucial for radiographers working in neurology, trauma, and other medical specialties.
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"RadPosi: Mastering Skull
Positioning for Clear and
Accurate Cranial Imaging!”
SKULL
bony framework
2 parts
1
...
Skull cap / calvaria
b
...
Ethmoid - 1
ii
...
Temporal - 2
2
...
5 - 3 “ ABOVE THE BRIDGES OF THE NOSE
IOML + MSP PERP TO IR
OPTIC CANAL / FORAMNEN
size of the optic foramina
PARIETOORBITAL OBLIQUE PROJECTION
RHESE METHOD
3 points landing
Zygoma, nose , chin
Optic canal
"RadPosi: Mastering Skull Positioning for Clear and Accurate Cranial Imaging!”
7
Seen in lateral quadrant of the orbit
MSP: 53 DEGREES
AML PERP
CRD
PERPENDICULAR
Orbito- parieto oblique projection
ALEXANDER METHOD
rotate head away
Msp: 40 degrees
AML : perp
Inferior and lateral margin : RP
SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURES
is the cleft between the greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid bone
PA AXIAL PROJECTION
CALDWELL METHOD
CRD:
20- 25 DEG CAUDALLY
OML + MSP PERP
FOREHEAD AND NOSE TOUCHING
RP:
Level of inferior margin of the orbit
INFERIOR ORBITAL FISSURES
BERTEL METHOD
"RadPosi: Mastering Skull Positioning for Clear and Accurate Cranial Imaging!”
8
20- 25 degrees cephalad
Forehead + nose touching
MSP + OML perp
Demo
Inferior orbital fissure
Pterygoid process
FACIAL BONES - 14
IRREGULAR IN SHAPE
Parietoacanthial Projections
/ waters/ mahooneys/ occipitoparietals
petrous ridges
Below the maxillary sinuses
Best for facial bones
OML @ 37 degrees
Mml parallel
Nose
3/4 “ from table top
CRD: perpendicular
RP: acanthion
PA AXIAL PROJECTION
CALDWELL METHOD
OML PERP
CRD
"RadPosi: Mastering Skull Positioning for Clear and Accurate Cranial Imaging!”
9
15 deg caudal exit at nasion
Petrous ridges
Lower third of the orbit (orbital rink , orbital floor) - 15 deg caudal
OrbiTal rim
30 deg caudally
Exagerrated caldwell
Orbital floors
LATERAL PROJECTION
demo lat image the bone of the face
Rp:
Lateral surface of the zygoma
Upper mallar bone
IPL perp
IOML parallel
demo
Depressed fracture in the frontal bone
MODIFIED PARIETOACANTHIAL/ MODIFIED WATERS / SHALLOW WATERS
DEMO:
BLOW OUT FRACTURES
Petrous ridges below the inferior border of the orbits
OML angulation: 55 degrees
ACANTHIOPARIETAL PROJECTION / REVERSE WATERS
trauma patient
"RadPosi: Mastering Skull Positioning for Clear and Accurate Cranial Imaging!”
10
OML : 37 degrees
Demo
Superior facial bones
Petrous pyramids
NASAL BONES
demo
Fracture
Displacement of nasal bone and septum
Soft tissue fracture
LATERAL PROJECTION
depressed fx of the nasal bones
RP:
1/ 2 “ DISTAL TO THE NASION
3/ 4 “ DISTAL TO THE NASION
TANGENTIAL PROJECTION
SUPEROINFERIOR
Demo
Medial / lateral displacement of nasal bone
OCCLUSAL FILM
Best proj demo the linear fx of the nasal bones
PARIETO ACANTHIAL/ WATERS METHOD
demo
Displacement of bony nasal septum
"RadPosi: Mastering Skull Positioning for Clear and Accurate Cranial Imaging!”
11
Depressed fx of the nasal wings
ZYGOMATIC ARCHES
TANGENTIAL/ SMV / FULL BASAL/ SCHULLER / PFEIFFER
DEMO BILATERAL ZYGOMATIC ARCHES
TANGENTIAL / MAY METHOD
MSP: 15 degrees away from IR
DEMO
Depressed fracture in cheek bone / flat cheek bone
No SI
TOWNES METHOD
bilateral zygomatic bone
MODIFIED TITTERINGTON METHOD / PA AXIAL
bilateral zygomatic bone
23- 38 degrees caudally
MANDIBLE
PA PROJECTION
demo:
Mandibular body
CRD: PERP
FOREHEAD AND NOSE TOUCHING IR
DEMO:
"RadPosi: Mastering Skull Positioning for Clear and Accurate Cranial Imaging!”
12
Mandibular rami
30 degrees cephalad : PA AXIAL projection
Medial and lateral displacements of fracture of mandibular rami
AXIO LATERAL OBLIQUE PROJECTION
CRD:
25- 35 DEG CEPHALAD
DEMO: MANDIBULAR RAMUS
HEAD IN TRUE LATERAL POSITION
CRD: 25 DEGREES CEPHALAD
DEMO: MANDIBULAR BODY
HEAD @ 30 DEG TO IR
CRD: 25 DEGREES CEPHALAD
PA AXIAL PROJECTION
30 DEGREES CEPHALAD
DEMO: SYMPHESIS MENTI
HEAD ROTATE 45 TO IR
CRD: 25 DEGREES CEPHALAD
MANDIBULAR RAMI
PA AXIAL PROJECTION
20- 25 DEGREES CEPHALAD
DEMO
Entire mandible
"RadPosi: Mastering Skull Positioning for Clear and Accurate Cranial Imaging!”
13
TMJ trauma
PANORAMIC TOMOGRAPHY
Dental arches
TMJ
AP AXIAL PROJECTION/ TOWNES
RP:
3 “ ABOVE THE NASION
2 EXPOSURES
OPEN AND CLOSE MOUTH
TRAUMA
NO OPEN MOUTH
CRD: 35 DEG CAUDAL
LATERAL OBLIQUE/ AXIAL TRANSCRANIAL
CRD: 25- 35 DEG CAUDALLY
RP:
2” SUPERIOR TO THE EAM
1/ 2” ANTERIOR
OPEN AND CLOSE MOUTH
OBLIQUE TRANSFACIAL PROJECTION / ZANELLI METHOD
demo:
Axiolate image of mandibular jts
"RadPosi: Mastering Skull Positioning for Clear and Accurate Cranial Imaging!”
14
LATERAL TRANSCRANIAL PROJECTION
DEMO:
CONDYLES AND NECK OF THE MANDIBLE
CLOSE AND MOUTH
INFEROSUPERIOR TRANSFACIAL PROJECTION
demo
Lateral image of the TMJ
OPEN + CLOSE MOUTH
LAT TRANSFACIAL PROJECTION / ALBERS SCHONBERG METHOD
demo
Lateral image of the TMJ
2 exposures
CRD: 20 deg cephalad
EYE
demonstrate presence of radiopaque FB
VOGT BONE FREE POSITION
detects small/ low density FB particles
2 MOVEMENT
vertical movement
Horizontal movement
PARALLAX METHOD
FLOUROSCOPY
"RadPosi: Mastering Skull Positioning for Clear and Accurate Cranial Imaging!”
15
BY RICHARDS
SWEET METHOD
GEOMETRIC CALCULATION
PFEIFFER - COMBERG METHOD
leaded contact lense at the cornea
Same with Waters method
PARANASAL SINUSES
MAXILLARY SNUES
antrum / antrum of highmore
Cavity at birth
Largest
FRONTAL SINUSES
posterior to the glabella: location
2nd largest
ETHMOID SINUSES
located in the lateral masses of the labyrith of the ethmoid bone
Last sinus to developed
SPHENOID SINUES
lies in the body of the sphenoid bone directly below the sella turcica
SINUSES
demonstrate the pathology
Fluid levels : absence/ presence
Pathologic conditions
"RadPosi: Mastering Skull Positioning for Clear and Accurate Cranial Imaging!”
16
Patient Position
Erect / Upright
PARIETO ACANTHIAL PROJECTION - WATERS METHOD
37 OML
RP: ACANTHION
MML + MSP PERP
DEMONS
Maxillary sinus
Foramen rotundun
LESS THAN 37 DEG
Petrousal shadoes in the lower antra
MORE THAN 37 DEG
Forshortened Antra
PA AXIAL PROJECTION
CALDWELL METHOD
BEST TO DEMO
FRONTAL AND ANTERIOR ETHMOID SINUSES
CRD
15 DEG CAUDALLY - NASION
TRUE CALDWELL
23 DEG CAUDAL- GLABELLA
MSP + OML PERP
LATERAL PROJECTION
DEMO
"RadPosi: Mastering Skull Positioning for Clear and Accurate Cranial Imaging!”
17
ALL SINUSES
RP:
1/2 INCH POSTERIOR TO THE OUTER CANTHUS OF THE EYE
PA OBLIQUE PROJECTION
DEMO
POSTERIOR ETHMOID SINUS
WATER’S WITH OPEN MOUTH / OM W/ OPEN MOUTH
DEMO
SPHENOIDAL SINUS PROJECTED THRU OPEN MOUTH
SMV
demo
Sphenoid and ethmoid sinuses
AXIAL TRANSORAL PROJECTION
PIRIE METHOD
open mouth
Demo
Spheoidal sinuses
CRD: 30 degrees caudally
MASTOID
demo air cells
BILATERAL/ R/ L : COMPARISON
TOWNES METHOD/ 35 DEGREE FRONTO OCCIPITAL
"RadPosi: Mastering Skull Positioning for Clear and Accurate Cranial Imaging!”
18
30 DEG CAUDAL TO OML
37 DEG CAUDAL TO IOML
RP
2 “ ABOVE THE GLABELLA
2 1/2 ABOVE THE NASION
IOML PERP
SCHULLER/ AXIOLATERAL PROJECTION
25- 30 DEG CAUDALLY
RP
1 1/2 “ SUPERIOR AND POSTERIOR TO THE EAM
POSITION:
TRUE LAT
AML PERP- IR
MODIFIED LAW METHOD / AXIOLATERAL OBLIQUE
SINGLE TUBE ANGULATION
CRD
Msp: 15 deg angle towards affected side
15 deg caudal
Demons
Mastoid air cells
AP TANGENTIAL PROJECTION
MODIFIED HICKEY
DEMO
"RadPosi: Mastering Skull Positioning for Clear and Accurate Cranial Imaging!”
19
MASTOID PROCESS
HEAD ROTATE AWAY
MSP 55 DEGREE
CRD: 15 DEG CAUDAL
PETROUS TEMPORAL BONE
AXIOLATERAL OBLIQUE PROJECTION
STENVERS METHOD
POSTERIOR PROFILE POSITION
PRONE , FNZ
MSP: 45 DEG TOWARDS THE SIDE OF INTEREST
CRD
12 DEGREES CEPHALAD
PETROUS PYRAMIDS
PARALLEL TO THE FILM
DEMO:
PETROUS TEMPORAL BONE
ARCELIN METHOD
ANTERIOR PROFILE
(Reverse of stenvers)
MSP : 45 DEG : AWAY
CRD: 10 DEG CAUDALLY
DEMO
PETROUS TEMPORAL BONE
"RadPosi: Mastering Skull Positioning for Clear and Accurate Cranial Imaging!”
20
RP:
1 “ ANTERIOR
3/ 4 SUPERIOR TO THE EAM
HENSCHEN METHOD / CUSHING
CRD
15 DEG CAUDAL
DEMO
PETROUS TEMPORAL BONE
TRUE LAT POSITION
MAYER METHOD
MSP: 45 DEGREES
CRD : 45 DEGREES CAUDALLY
DEMO
LYSHOLM METHOD
DEMO
PETROUS BONE
CRD
30- 25 CAUDALLY
VALDINI METHOD / PA AXIAL PROJECTION
DEMO
ESUTACHIAN TUBE
VESTIBUOLO COCHLEAR ORGAN
"RadPosi: Mastering Skull Positioning for Clear and Accurate Cranial Imaging!”
21
PARIETOTEMPORAL PROJECTION
LOW BEER METHOD
DEMO
PETROUS TEMPORAL BONE
CRD: 33 CAUDAL ANTERIOR AND 10 DEG CEPHALAD
STYLOID PROCESS
PA AXIAL PROJECTION
CAHOON METHOD
DEMO: STYLOID PROCESS
AP OBLIQUE PROJECTION
WIGBY - TAYLOR
head rotated towatd
Pronation
HYPOGLASSAL CANAL
AXIOLATERAL OBLIQUE PROJECTION
MILLER METHOD
DEMO
DEMO HYPOGLOSSAL CANAL
JUGALAR FORAMINA
"RadPosi: Mastering Skull Positioning for Clear and Accurate Cranial Imaging!”
22
SMV SUBBSAL / KEMP HARPER METHOD
DEMO: JUGULAR FORMINA
SUPRAORBITOMEATAL LINE PARALLEL TO IR
CRD
20 DEG CAUDAL
ERASO MODIFICATION
demo
Jugular foramina
GRAVID
fetography
To determine the age, position and presenattion of the fetus
Multiple pregnancy
AP
LAT
PELVIMETRY
Size of the fetal head with maternal pelvic outlet
Cocher- Sussman Method
AP
LAT
Cocher Sussman PELVIC Meter Scale
Sandbag: prevent rotation
THOMS METHOD
torpin- thoms pelvimeter
AP
LAT
"RadPosi: Mastering Skull Positioning for Clear and Accurate Cranial Imaging!”
23
BALL METHOD
No special apparatus
UPRIGHT position
NON GRAVID PATIENT
HYSTERO
Size and shape and position of uterus / uterine tube
PELVIC PENUMOGRAPHY
VAGINOGRAPHY
RICE/ RISE WANGESTEIN TECHNIQUE
PERFORATED ANUS
Upside down
24 hrs post delivery
Stomach be filled with air using rectal thermometer
AP
LAT
🏚️ MAMMOGRAPHY
"RadPosi: Mastering Skull Positioning for Clear and Accurate Cranial Imaging!”
24
Title: "RadPosi: Mastering Skull Positioning for Clear and Accurate Cranial Imaging!"
Description: "RadPosi: Skull" focuses on the essential radiographic positioning techniques used to capture detailed images of the skull. This session covers the proper alignment and positioning for various skull views, including the lateral, anteroposterior (AP), and Townes projections, which are critical for evaluating conditions such as fractures, tumors, and other cranial abnormalities. Understanding the anatomy and positioning of the skull is vital for obtaining accurate diagnostic images while ensuring optimal image quality and minimizing radiation exposure. Mastery of skull positioning is crucial for radiographers working in neurology, trauma, and other medical specialties.
Description: "RadPosi: Skull" focuses on the essential radiographic positioning techniques used to capture detailed images of the skull. This session covers the proper alignment and positioning for various skull views, including the lateral, anteroposterior (AP), and Townes projections, which are critical for evaluating conditions such as fractures, tumors, and other cranial abnormalities. Understanding the anatomy and positioning of the skull is vital for obtaining accurate diagnostic images while ensuring optimal image quality and minimizing radiation exposure. Mastery of skull positioning is crucial for radiographers working in neurology, trauma, and other medical specialties.