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BIOLOGY B

OCR 2024
GCSE Biology B (Twenty First Century Science)
J257/02 Depth in Biology (Foundation Tier)
With Marking Scheme Merged

Oxford Cambridge and RSA

Friday 7 June 2024 – Afternoon
GCSE (9–1) Biology B (Twenty First Century Science)
J257/02 Depth in Biology (Foundation Tier)
Time allowed: 1 hour 45 minutes

F

You must have:
• a ruler (cm/mm)
You can use:
• an HB pencil
• a scientific or graphical calculator

*

J

2

5

7

0

2

*

Please write clearly in black ink
...

Centre number

Candidate number

First name(s)
Last name
INSTRUCTIONS
• Use black ink
...

• Write your answer to each question in the space provided
...
The question numbers must be clearly shown
...

• Where appropriate, your answer should be supported with working
...

INFORMATION
• The total mark for this paper is 90
...

• Quality of extended response will be assessed in questions marked with an asterisk (*)
...

ADVICE
• Read each question carefully before you start your answer
...


(a) Here is a diagram of three cells
...

A
B
C
Use the diagram to explain your answer
...


...

Here is a labelled diagram of a light microscope:
Eyepiece lens

Objective lens
Stage

Focus
Light

Complete the sentences to describe how to use the microscope to observe bacteria on a slide
...

Place the slide on the


...


Turn the
...


so the image is as bright as possible
...

until the image is as clear as possible
...

Athlete’s foot
Influenza
Malaria
Salmonella food poisoning
[1]

© OCR 2024

Turn over

4
(d) Explain why washing your hands before making a sandwich can help stop you from getting
unwell
...


...


...


...


(a) Here is a food chain that includes hedgehogs:

Cabbage
(i)

Slug

Hedgehog

Fox

Which organism in the food chain is a producer?

...
[1]

(iii) Foxes can be considered pests and are sometimes killed by humans
...


...


...


...
[3]

© OCR 2024

Turn over

6
(b) The table shows the size of the hedgehog population in Great Britain
...
me
...
org, HedgeHog Street
...


(i)

Describe the change in hedgehog population size shown in the table
...


...


...

Which of these is the best prediction of the hedgehog population in 2025?
Put a ring around the correct answer
...
44 million

0
...
85 million

0
...

Since 1955, many hedges have been removed by farmers
...


...


...
[2]

(c) People who live in some towns have created ‘hedgehog highways’
...

Suggest how this could cause an increase in the hedgehog population size in these towns
...


...


...


(a) Which of these statements are true for hormones, nerve impulses or both?
Tick (✓) one box in each row
...


...


...


...
[3]

© OCR 2024

Turn over

8
4

The heart, blood vessels and blood make up the circulatory system
...


Structure A

Structure B

Structure C

Draw lines to connect each structure with its correct name
...


Heart

Heart

Body

Lungs

Heart

Lungs

Body

Heart

Heart

Lungs

Heart

Body
[1]

© OCR 2024

9
(c) We feel a pulse in our arteries when our heart beats
...


...


...
[2]

(d) Exercise affects pulse rate differently in a fit person and an unfit person
...

Charlie uses this method:
•
•

Person A and person B pedal as hard as they can on an exercise bike for 5 minutes
...


Suggest three factors that should be the same about person A and person B to make the
results valid
...


...


...


...

Person A and person B are resting from time = –2 until exercise begins at time = 0
...
beats per minute [1]

(ii) How long after exercise ends did it take for person B’s pulse rate to return to its resting value?
Time =
...
beats per minute [2]

© OCR 2024

11
(iv) Charlie concludes that person B is fitter than person A
...

Use evidence from the graph
...


...


...


...


(a) The population of the world is 8 billion people
...
2 billion people eat food made from wheat as a major part of their diet
...
% [2]
(b) Parts of the world where crops are grown are getting warmer and drier because of climate
change
...

Sunflowers have this gene
...

A characteristic of an organism
...

Part of a cell that contains chromosomes
...

[1]

(ii) Cells need genes to make which substances?
Put a ring around the correct answer
...

Scientists have transferred the HB4 gene from sunflowers into wheat
...


...


...
[2]

© OCR 2024

13
(iv) Which term describes the process scientists used to transfer the gene from sunflowers to wheat?
Tick (✓) one box
...

Explain why
...


...


...


...


...


...


...
[6]

© OCR 2024

Turn over

14
6

Plants take in substances to help them stay alive
...

Substance

Use

Carbon dioxide

Cellular respiration

Nitrogen
(from nitrate mineral ions)

Making proteins

Oxygen

Photosynthesis
[2]

(b) A student waters a plant with a mixture of fertiliser and water
...


Roots
Soil
Magnified view of the root hair cell

Mitochondria

Cell membrane

© OCR 2024

Cell cytoplasm

15
(i) Which term best describes the cell membrane of the root hair cell?
Tick (✓) one box
...

Explain why this shape is helpful to the plant after the student waters it
...


...


...

Complete the sentences to explain how water is taken into the root hair
cell
...

active transport

air

cell cytoplasm

diffusion

osmosis

soil

The concentration of water molecules is higher in the
...

Water molecules move through the cell membrane due to the process of

...


...


...


...

[4]

© OCR 2024

Turn over

16
(iv) ATP is made during cellular respiration
...

Explain why the root hair cell from the plant contains lots of mitochondria
...


...


...


...
This removes a tissue called meristem
...


...


...


...
[3]

© OCR 2024

17
7

Aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration take place in human body cells
...

Only

Only

aerobic

anaerobic

Both

Neither

aerobic and
anaerobic

aerobic nor
anaerobic

Is exothermic
Produces lactic acid
Requires glucose
Requires oxygen
[4]
(b) Complete the sentence about ATP production in
respiration
...


more than

less than

equal to

The amount of ATP produced per molecule of reactant in aerobic respiration is

...


...


...


...


© OCR 2024

[1]

Turn over

18
8

The diagram shows some different species of flowers that grow in a field
...

They collect data from six small squares of the field
...

Include:
•
the apparatus needed
•
how to use the apparatus on the field
•
how to avoid bias in the data
...


...


...


...


...


...


...


Mean number of snowdrops per small square =
...

2
The area of each small square is 0
...


Calculate the number of small squares that fit in the field
...
[2]
(d) Estimate the total number of snowdrops in the
field
...
[1]
(e) Suggest one reason why we can only estimate the number of snowdrops in the field from the
student’s data
...


...

Suggest one way to improve the data collection to get a better estimate of the number of
snowdrops in the field
...


...
You must write the question numbers clearly
in the margin
...


...


...


...


...


...


...


...


...


...


...


...


...


...


...


...


...


...


...


...


...
OCR qualifications include
AS/A Levels, Diplomas, GCSEs, Cambridge Nationals, Cambridge Technicals, Functional Skills,
Key Skills, Entry Level qualifications, NVQs and vocational qualifications in areas such as IT,
business, languages, teaching/training, administration and secretarial skills
...
OCR is a not-for-profit organisation; any surplus made
is invested back into the establishment to help towards the development of qualifications and
support, which keep pace with the changing needs of today’s society
...
It shows the basis on which marks were awarded by examiners
...

All examiners are instructed that alternative correct answers and unexpected approaches
in candidates’ scripts must be given marks that fairly reflect the relevant knowledge and
skills demonstrated
...

© OCR 2024

Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations

J257/02

Mark scheme

June 2024

MARKING INSTRUCTIONS
PREPARATION FOR MARKING
RM ASSESSOR
1
...


2
...
These are available in RM Assessor
...


Log-in to RM Assessor and mark the required number of practice responses (“scripts”) and the required number of standardisation
responses
...


Mark strictly to the mark scheme
...


Marks awarded must relate directly to the marking criteria
...


The schedule of dates is very important
...
If you experience problems, you must contact your Team Leader (Supervisor) without delay
...


If you are in any doubt about applying the mark scheme, consult your Team Leader by telephone, email or via the RM Assessor messaging
system
...


Crossed Out Responses
Where a candidate has crossed out a response and provided a clear alternative then the crossed out response is not marked
...


J257/02

Mark scheme

June 2024

Rubric Error Responses – Optional Questions
Where candidates have a choice of question across a whole paper or a whole section and have provided more answers than requir ed, then
all responses are marked and the highest mark allowable within the rubric is given
...
(The underlying assumption is that the candidate has penalised themselves
by attempting more questions than necessary in the time allowed
...
When a question requires candidates to select more than one option/multiple options, then local marking arrangements need to
ensure consistency of approach
...


Short Answer Questions (requiring only a list by way of a response, usually worth only one mark per response)
Where candidates are required to provide a set number of short answer responses then only the set number of responses should be marked
...
The remaining responses should not then be marked
...
(The underlying assumption is that the candidate
is attempting to hedge their bets and therefore getting undue benefit rather than engaging with the question and gi ving the most
relevant/correct responses
...
)

J257/02

Mark scheme

June 2024

Longer Answer Questions (requiring a developed response)
Where candidates have provided two (or more) responses to a medium or high tariff question which only required a single (deve loped)
response and not crossed out the first response, then only the first response should be marked
...

6
...
If the
candidate has continued an answer there then add a tick to confirm that the work has been seen
...


Award No Response (NR) if:
• there is nothing written in the answer space
Award Zero ‘0’ if:
• anything is written in the answer space and is not worthy of credit (this includes text and symbols)
...


8
...
Please refer to these
comments when checking your practice responses
...

If you have any questions or comments for your Team Leader, use the phone, th e RM Assessor messaging system, or email
...


Assistant Examiners will send a brief report on the performance of candidates to their Team Leader (Supervisor) via email by the end of the
marking period
...
Con structive
criticism of the question paper/mark scheme is also appreciated
...


Mark scheme

June 2024

For answers marked by levels of response:
Read through the whole answer from start to finish, using the Level descriptors to help you decide whether it is a strong or weak answer
...
Using a ‘best-fit’ approach based on the skills and science content evidenced
within the answer, first decide which set of level descriptors, Level 1, Level 2 or Level 3, best describes the overall quali ty of the answer
...

The lower mark should be awarded where the level descriptor has been evidenced but aspects of the communication statement (in italics)
are missing
...

The communication statement determines the mark within a level
...


5

J257/02
11
...


Mark scheme

June 2024

Abbreviations, annotations and conventions used in the detailed Mark Scheme (to include abbreviations and subject -specific
conventions)
...


Mark scheme

June 2024

Subject-specific Marking Instructions

INTRODUCTION
Your first task as an Examiner is to become thoroughly familiar with the material on which the examination depends
...


You should ensure that you have copies of these materials
...
These are set out in the OCR
booklet Instructions for Examiners
...

Please ask for help or guidance whenever you need it
...


8

J257/02

Mark scheme

June 2024

The breakdown of Assessment Objectives for GCSE (9-1) in Biology B:
Assessment Objective
AO1

Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of scientific ideas and scientific techniques and procedures
...
1

Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of scientific ideas
...
2
AO2

Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of scientific techniques and procedures
...


AO2
...


AO2
...


AO3
AO3
...

Analyse information and ideas to interpret and evaluate
...
1a

Analyse information and ideas to interpret
...
1b

Analyse information and ideas to evaluate
...
2

Analyse information and ideas to make judgements and draw conclusions
...
2a

Analyse information and ideas to make judgements
...
2b

Analyse information and ideas to draw conclusions
...
3

Analyse information and ideas to develop and improve experimental procedures
...
3a

Analyse information and ideas to develop experimental procedures
...
3b

Analyse information and ideas to improve experimental procedures
...
2a

it does not have a nucleus / it has a loop of DNA (in the
cytoplasm)





light

objective lens

focus
stage

(c)
(d)

Salmonella food poisoning



hands may have bacteria/pathogens on them
OR
washing removes/kills/reduces number of bacteria/pathogens
from your hands



stops the bacteria/pathogens from your hands getting onto the



sandwich

stops you from eating the bacteria/pathogens
OR
stops the bacteria from getting inside your body / infecting you


ALLOW no mitochondria



(b)

Guidance

4

1
...
1
2
...
1

1

2
...
1



(i)

cabbage

(ii)

slug





hedgehog population size will be larger (than it would’ve been) 

more slugs will be eaten by hedgehogs

hedgehog population size decreasing over time

(iii) fewer foxes means fewer hedgehogs will be eaten

(b)

(i)

June 2024

(ii)

ALLOW killed
2

3
...
94 million
decrease and 0
...
85 million

(iii) Any two from:
destruction of the hedgehogs’ habitat
nowhere to reproduce / raise young





more exposed to cold/weather / nowhere to shelter/hibernate
less food/prey/insects (for hedgehogs)

1

3
...
1
DO NOT ALLOW nowhere to live/hide, as
this is in the question stem



more will get eaten (by foxes/predators)

ALLOW killed
ALLOW increase

idea of larger decrease between 1955-1995 compared with
1995-2018

Guidance







nowhere to store food

11

ALLOW killed by foxes/predators
DO NOT ALLOW killed/die unqualified

J257/02

Mark scheme

Question
2

(c)

Answer

Marks

Any two from:

2

hedgehogs will be protected from predators/foxes in gardens
OR
fewer hedgehogs will be eaten/killed by predators/foxes
hedgehogs can avoid other threats

June 2024





AO
element
2
...
g
...
1

Answer
Only true Only
for
true for
hormones nerve
impulses
Are secreted by glands
Travel along neurons
Travel in the blood
Usually cause slower,
longer-lasting
responses

(b)

June 2024

Guidance

True
for
both








Any three from:

3

hormones taken as a pill / implant / injected



1
...
g
...
to male pill disrupting production



prevents release of an egg
prevents/controls ovulation



of sperm

other mechanisms, e
...
prevents maturation of an egg / causes

DO NOT ALLOW ref
...
1
one correct line = 1 mark
two or three correct lines = 2 marks

1

1
...
3a



press fingers against a pulse point / against neck/wrist /
against blood vessels (near the surface of the skin)
count the number of beats in 1 minute





idea of counting the number of beats in a shorter period and

ORA for period longer than a minute and

multiplying to convert to beats per minute

dividing





14

J257/02

Mark scheme

Question
4 (d)

Answer

Marks
3

Any three from:

June 2024

AO
element
2
...
1a

1

3
...
1a





Any four from:

3

person B’s resting/normal pulse rate is lower (than person A’s)


person B’s maximum pulse rate is lower (than person A’s) / it
increases less during the exercise period

June 2024



person B’s pulse rate increased slower (than person A’s)



person B’s pulse rate is lower (than person A’s) after the



exercise ends

person B’s pulse rate returns to its resting/normal value
faster/sooner (than person A’s) / person B’s recovery rate is


faster

16

3
...
1b

ORA for person A throughout
statements must be comparative

J257/02

Mark scheme

Question
5
(a)

=40(%)
(b)

AO
Marks element
2
2
...
2 ÷ 8) × 100



June 2024

Guidance



(i)

A section of DNA that contains instructions
...
1

1
2

1
...
1

specific idea that the modified wheat will now be able to grow

ALLOW the modified wheat will be resistant to

(better) in warmer/drier conditions

climate change





general idea that characteristic(s)/trait(s) will be
introduced/changed
OR
example of a characteristic/trait that could be changed



DO NOT ALLOW “it will grow
quicker/faster/easier”
ALLOW specific examples of changes to
phenotype e
...
taste

its genotype / genome sequence / DNA / base sequence will

DO NOT ALLOW ref
...
1

J257/02

Question
(v) *

Mark scheme

Answer
Please refer to the marking instructions on page 4 of this
mark scheme for guidance on how to mark this question
...


AO
element
2
...
1 Applying knowledge to explain benefits,
practical issues and ethical issues related to
genetic engineering
For example:
Benefits
• (more) wheat can be grown as the climate
becomes warmer/drier
• will ensure we can continue to feed the world’s
population / people who depend on wheat
• 40% / high proportion of the world’s population
depend on wheat for their diet / they will starve
without it
• suggestions of other benefits, e
...
health,
disease/pest resistance, economic
• the benefits/need outweigh the issues/risks/
objections

There is a well-developed line of reasoning which is clear
and logically structured
...

Level 2 (3–4 marks)
Limited explanation of benefits
AND
practical issues/risks/ethical objections
...
The information presented is relevant and
supported by some evidence
...
g
...

OR
Imbalanced answer explains only issues/risks/objections
...
The information is in the most part relevant
...


18

J257/02

Mark scheme

Question
6
(a)

Answer
carbon dioxide – photosynthesis

June 2024

Marks
2

AO
element
1
...
1

(ii)

Any two from:

2

2
...
1

larger/more cell membrane
larger surface area





the plant can take in more of the water / nitrate mineral ions /
fertiliser that the student gave it
(iii)





soil

cell cytoplasm





diffusion
osmosis

19

Guidance
one correct line = 1 mark
two or three correct lines = 2 marks

J257/02

Question
6
(iv)

Mark scheme

Answer

Marks
3

Any three from:
ref
...
1

Guidance



active transport requires energy/ATP/respiration



(aerobic) respiration takes place in mitochondria /
mitochondria provide ATP/energy



DO NOT ALLOW produce/make energy

more mitochondria means more (energy/ATP/respiration for)
active transport (of nitrate mineral ions into the root hair cell)
(c)



Any three from:

3

2
...
1

Answer

Is
exothermic
Produces
lactic acid
Requires
glucose
Requires
oxygen
more than

June 2024

Only
Only
Both
aerobic anaerobic


Neither







1

21

1
...


Marks
6

AO
element
2 x 2
...
3a

Level 3 (5–6 marks)
Method includes references to named apparatus
AND how to use apparatus to collect data AND how to
avoid bias in the field
...
The information presented is
relevant and substantiated
...
2 Applying knowledge of fieldwork to
identify appropriate apparatus to collect the data
For example:
• quadrat(s) for each small square
• identification key/app to identify snowdrops
• tape measure / trundle wheel / metre rule
• random number table/generator / other suitable
apparatus eg on a computer or calculator
AO3
...
to safe working e
...
placing quadrats using
random coordinates is safer than throwing
• avoid trampling/picking snowdrops/flowers inside
squares/quadrats

Level 2 (3–4 marks)
Method includes how to use apparatus to collect data
AND
references to named apparatus OR how to avoid bias in
the field
...
The information presented is relevant and
supported by some evidence
...


AO3
...
The information is in the most part relevant
...


22

J257/02

Mark scheme

Question
8

(b)

Answer

2

AO
element
2
...
2

1

3
...
2a

1

3
...
25



(d)

(5 x 2400) = 12000

(e)

Any one from:

ALLOW ECF from candidate’s answers to parts (b)
and (c)

haven’t counted / can’t count all the snowdrops / would
take too long to count them all



idea that it’s only a (small) sample of the
snowdrops/field / only a small area
(f)



bigger sample/area
OR
more squares/quadrats / idea of repeating
OR



larger squares/quadrats

23

IGNORE “collect more data” unexplained



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