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INTRODUCTION TO C PROGRAMMING
Introduction:
C Programming is a widely used programming
language
...

❖ It provides a structured way to write code that a
computer can understand and execute
...

Types of Programming Languages
• Machine Level Languages
•Assembly Languages
•High Level Languages
• Machine Level Language, also known as Machine
Code, is the lowest level of programming language and

consists of binary code ( 0s and 1s) that is directly
executed by a computer
...

Example : 10110000 00000101 –binary instructions
Advantages:
• Performance: Offers the fastest execution because it
is executed directly by the
hardware
...

•Assembly Language is a type of low-level
programming language that is closely related to a
computer's machine code
...

Example: the mnemonic ‘MOV’ stands for ‘move’ and is
used to move data from one location to another
...

Syntax
[label] mnemonic [operands] [;comment]
• The fields in the square brackets are optional
...

Example
start: ; Label marking the start of the program
MOV TOTAL, 48 ; Transfer the value 48 in the memory
variable TOTAL
ADD AX, 3 ; Add 3 to the value in AX
•Label: Marks locations in the code
...

•Operands: Specify the data or addresses involved in
the operation
...

•Advantages : One of the main advantages of
assembly language is that it can produce very fast

and efficient code
...

•Disadvantages : It is very complex and difficult to
understand
...

Assembler translator
•It is human-readable code but not executable by the
CPU
• An assembler is a type of translator used to convert
assembly language programs into machine code, which
is executable by a computer's CPU
...

•High-level languages are easier to understand for
humans because they use a lot of symbols letters
phrases to represent logic and instructions in a
program
...

• This ease of use allows developers to concentrate on
writing logic and functionality, without having to
manage the complex details of hardware operations
...

•Different libraries available- reduce the amount we
need to write
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• Portable ( different platforms without much
modification in code)
Disadvantages
•High-level languages are slower as compared to lowlevel languages because require more processing and
more memory for execution
...
These tools are essential for converting
the high-level instructions written by developers into
executable code that a computer's CPU can run
...

• System software is a type of computer software
designed to provide a platform for running application
software and to manage hardware components
...

Example: OS, Compiler, Editors
...

Example:Microsoft Word,railway reservation, Weather
forecasting
...

• The primary purpose is to act as Interface between
hardware/computer and User
...

• Manage the Resources of the computer
• Provide support for storing and executing other
software
•In general OS is reasonable for over all in- charge of
whole computer•User can copy, print, type, listen etc
but in early days- DOS (Provided

Through various commands
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–GUI Graphical user interface( it helps users in easier
and interactive
operation of computer)
•OS in market classify into 3 categories
•DOS
•Windows OS (GUI Based OS)
•Unix/Linux OS
• Refer book (Schaum’s Outlines) Programming with C
by Byron
Gottfried for detail explanationCompiler
• To communication with computer we need set of
instructions
•Instructions usually English statements known as
High level languages
• Computer can understand only Machine code
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Original HLL – Source code
Resulting machine language program- object program
C Compiler, Pascal compiler, Java Compiler – different
language compiler
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•It is System Software – Convert HLL to machine but
different
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• It combines object files produced by the compiler into
a single
executable program
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• Linker Steps in C Programming
• Compile: The C source code (
...
o or
...


• Link: The linker combines these object files and
libraries into a single

executable file
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Functions:
•Address Resolution: Assigns memory addresses
to functions and
variables
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• Library Integration: Includes code from
standard and user-defined
libraries
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•Dynamic Linking: Links to shared libraries at
runtime, reducing the size of
the executable
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o utils
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•-o myprogram
specifies the name of the output executable
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o
and
utils
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•-lm
links the math library (
libm
)
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Problem Solving
Strategies



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