Notesale: Turn your study into money

Document Preview

Extracts from the notes are below, to see the PDF you'll receive please use the links above

---

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

The major hormones involved in the maintenance of blood glucose
levels are Insulin and Glucagon produced by the alpha and beta cells of the
pancreas respectively
...
Insulin secreted in response to a change in blood glucose levels
after a meal promotes storage of glucose as glycogen or triglyceride
...

Over time, the body either stops responding well to insulin or doesn’t make
enough of it causing blood sugar levels to rise
...

There are two main causes for type 2 diabetes, they are insulin
inactivity and insulin resistance
...
When cells that are sensitive to insulin
stop reacting to it efficiently, it is known as insulin resistance
...

















Symptoms of Type 2 diabetes include, frequent urination, increased
thirst and hunger, unintended weight loss, fatigue, blurred vision, slow-healing
wounds or infections, tingling or numbness in the hands and feet and darkened
skin patches
...
The person becomes more
thirsty and urinates more frequently as a result of the extra glucose in their
blood drawing more water into their kidneys
...
Because cells cannot obtain the energy they need from glucose, the
body breaks down fat to use as energy
...
The effects of elevated blood sugar on the fluid balance of the eyes
might cause blurred vision
...
In order to treat and control

type 2 diabetes, it is crucial that a person see a healthcare professional as soon
as they experience any of its symptoms
...
However,
medication is necessary to keep blood glucose levels at a healthy level
...
A few
mechanisms are, increasing the sensitivity of cells to insulin, increasing the
amount of insulin produced and released by the pancreas, restricting the
production and release of sugar by the liver or inhibition of glycogenolysis and
gluconeogenesis, slowing down the pace at which cells absorb carbohydrates by
inhibiting the function of intestinal enzymes that break down carbohydrates
...














I'll go over each of the mechanisms I previously outlined, with
drugs as examples for each process
...
Glipizide and Glyburide are
examples for Sulfonylureas and Repaglinide and Nateglinide are examples for
Meglitinides
...
Dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors such as Saxagliptin,
Alogliptin, Sitagliptin, Linagliptin, when blood sugar levels are rising they
trigger the release of insulin
...
Side effects include upper respiratory tract infection, sore
throat and headache
...
One of the most common medications for
type 2 diabetes also increases the cells’ sensitivity to insulin
...
These are the medications which
are taken orally
...

Amylin mimetics such as Pramlintide which is used with insulin shots, helps
maintain blood sugar levels and also aids in moving the food in the stomach at a
slow pace
...


Some examples are, Dulaglutide and Semaglutide commonly known as
Ozempic which is widely used by many individuals to aid in weight loss
...

These include, maintaining a healthy weight, following a healthy diet, Regular
exercise and movement, limiting alcohol, managing stress and getting enough
sleep are vital for maintaining blood sugar at a healthy level
...
(n
...
Mayo Clinic
...
mayoclinic
...
(n
...
Mayo Clinic
...
mayoclinic

---