Search for notes by fellow students, in your own course and all over the country.
Browse our notes for titles which look like what you need, you can preview any of the notes via a sample of the contents. After you're happy these are the notes you're after simply pop them into your shopping cart.
Title: Metabolism and Natural Processes Notes
Description: Notes from 'Metabolism and Natural Processes' lecture, part of the Cells to Systems module
Description: Notes from 'Metabolism and Natural Processes' lecture, part of the Cells to Systems module
Document Preview
Extracts from the notes are below, to see the PDF you'll receive please use the links above
đź‘˝
Metabolism/ Processes
Created
Class
@October 23, 2024 10:25 AM
Cells to Systems
Metabolism
Break down of carbs, fats and proteins for energy production that is stored
as ATP and electron carriers (NADH/ NADPH/ FADH)
Waste elimination
Structure growth, reproduction and maintenance while also responding to
the environment
Enzymes help increase rate of reactions
Anabolism:
Phosphoryl group input energy transfer from ATP
Reduces power inside electron carriers
Carbs (Metab):
Glycolysis
TCA cycle
electron transport chain
oxidative phosphorylation ATP function in energy transfer
Lipids/ Proteins (Metab):
Fatty acid breakdown and synthesis
amino acid degradation
nitrogen excretion
Metabolism/ Processes
1
Integration:
Relationships in the metabolism processes between carbs fatty acids and
amino acids
Products of Glucose
Structural synthesis of polymers
Pentose Phosphate Pathway (Ribose 5- Phosphate)
Glycogenesis (Glycogen)
Glycolysis (Pyruvate)
Citric Acid Cycle (CO2)
Anaerobic respiration (Lactate)
Electron Transport Chain (ATP)
Glycolysis (Cytosol Process):
Sweet Splitting- 6 Carbon sugar makes 2 ATP investment and becomes 2x
Pyruvate= 3 carbon sugar
4 ATP+ 2NADH+ pyruvate leave the process
Glucose:
Uses ATP to convert into Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphate turning into
Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate and DHAP
...
Oxygen is reduced to water
Flow of H+ down the electrochemical gradient required for ATP generation
ATP Synthase
Metabolism/ Processes
5
Electron transfer with protein transfer to create an electrochemical
gradient for ATP production
Fatty Acid Metabolism
Triacylglycerol:
Broken down in separate reactions
Extracting energy from its fatty acids and glycerol
Energy converted into DHAP and G3P
Acetyl CoA through Acyl CoA via the Citric Acid
Acyl- CoA broken down during Beta Oxidation to create Acetyl-CoA
Also creates NADH and FADH2
NADH + oxidation creates electron transport chain
Triacylglycerol→ Glycerol→ DHAP→ G3P→ Glycolysis→ ATP
Beta Oxidation
Fatty acid undergoes Beta oxidation reactions
2 carbons are broken at a time to make 1 Acetyl CoA molecule, and fatty
acid that’s 2 carbons shorter
Palmitate metabolised creates 108 ATP molecules
Dehydrogenation
Double bond made between alpha and beta CoA
Hydration
Make alcohol group
Dehydrogenation
Make carbonyl from hydroxyl
Hydrogen transfers to NAD+
Acyl Transfer
Metabolism/ Processes
6
Move unoxidized chain to another CoA
synthesises Acetyl- CoA
Fatty Acid Synthesis:
Involves different enzymes
3 Carbon intermediate needed
Needs energy by consuming NADPH
Fatty acid breakdown- Palmitoyl- CoA is converted into Acyl/ Acetyl CoA
through:
Dehydrogenation
Hydration
Dehydrogenation
Acyl Transfer
Fatty Acid Synthesis, Malonyl CoA+ Acetyl grp becomes a saturated Acyl
group and then Palmitate after the carbon chain is increased by 2:
Condensation
Reduction
Dehydration
Reduction
Ammonia Breakdown Cycle, Glucose- alanine:
Muscles contracting quickly generate excess pyruvate and Ammonia
Converted into Alanine by amino- transferase
Alanine is transported to liver from blood
Metabolism/ Processes
7
Converted into pyruvate via amino transferase
Glucose is produced using gluconeogenesis
Glucose to muscles for energy generation via Glycolysis
Amino Acid Metabolism:
Amino acids recycled to produce energy and removing waste
Transaminases transfer amine group onto glutamate creating a new alpha
keto acid
Glucose cycle useful in muscle contraction
Glutamine transports ammonia in the body
Amino Acid Catabolism:
Carbon skeletons of amino acids undergo catabolism
Forms alpha keto acid
Becomes part of citric cycle
Forms oxaloacetate and recycled as glucose
Amino acid Waste Removal:
Amino acids are recycled through the biosynthesis of amino acids,
nucleotides and biological amines
Some amino acids turn into carbamoyl phosphate then becomes part of
the urea cycle
Forming urea as a waste product
ASPARTATE- ARGINO SUCCINATE, GOES BACK AND FORTH BETWEEN THE
CITRIC ACID CYCLE AND THE UREA CYCLE
Metabolism/ Processes
8
Title: Metabolism and Natural Processes Notes
Description: Notes from 'Metabolism and Natural Processes' lecture, part of the Cells to Systems module
Description: Notes from 'Metabolism and Natural Processes' lecture, part of the Cells to Systems module