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Title: Cell Cycle Notes
Description: Notes from 'Cell Cycle' lecture, part of Cells to Systems module
Description: Notes from 'Cell Cycle' lecture, part of Cells to Systems module
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Cell Cycle
Created
@December 2, 2024 9:44 PM
Class
Cells to Systems
Cell cycle
Instructions for producing cell parts
DNA must be replicated
Every new cell has identical copy of DNA
Mechanisms in place to ensure copies are identical
Interphase
G1
Cell grows larger
more organelles are produced
“Checkpoint” is established
Ensures no damage is present
S Phase
Rapid DNA replication and duplication of the centrosome for DNA
separation
G2
Cell increases in size
reorganises cell contents
checks for DNA structure
Cell Cycle
1
Mitosis
Nuclear division
Cytokinesis
Cells moving apart
Mitosis
Cell division producing two identical cells
Daughter cell gets perfect cell of chromosomes
Too few/ too many chromos can lead to improper function in cells
Mitosis Steps
Early prophase
Chromosome division
chromos begin to condense
Late prophase/ prometaphase
Spindle sorts compact chromosomes
Nuclear envelope breaks down
Metaphase
Chromosomes align on centre line
Attaches to spindle fibres from opposite sides
Anaphase
Chromatids separated
pulled to opposite ends of cell
Telophase
Cell has nearly completed dividing
normal structures come to be
Cell Cycle
2
Cytokinesis
Cytoplasm splits and produces two new cells
Quiescence- No cell cycle occurring but process can happen
Senescence- Cells divided too many times, it has reached its limit
Cells Stop Replicating
Hayflick Limit- Limitation on human cell division
Telomere
Repetitive DNA sequences at the chromosome end
Protects chromosome ends from becoming frayed
Cell division causes size reduction
Cell Cycle
3
Telomeres and Cancer
Stem cells replicate continuously
Telomerase is maintained by adding repeat sequences
Cell Cycle Checkpoints
Cyclins
Interact with CDKs for activity regulation
present throughout the cell cycle
CDKs
Cyclin- Dependent Kinases
Controls cell cycle
Checkpoints ensure the cell cycle is operating smoothly
Cell Cycle
4
Cyclins can activate the CDKs, phosphorylating the CDK providing them with a
target
Cell Control Mechanisms
CDK 4/6 Inhibitors for breast cancer
Reduces disease resistance to chemo
Oestrogen receptor signalling
Closely regulates cell division and differentiation
Oestrogen bonds to oestrogen receptor
Receptor binds with transcription factor
Cell Cycle
5
p53 binds to inhibitor to prevent cell replication
Cell Cycle
6
Title: Cell Cycle Notes
Description: Notes from 'Cell Cycle' lecture, part of Cells to Systems module
Description: Notes from 'Cell Cycle' lecture, part of Cells to Systems module