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REGULATION OF GLYCOLYSIS
In Glycolysis, there are three irreversible steps, which
are catalyzed by Hexokinase / Glucokinase,
Phosphofructokinase – I(PFK – I) and Pyruvate kinase
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1
...
It is inhibited by it product
(Glucose – 6 – phosphate), preventing excessive
Glucose phosphorylation when glucose – 6 –
phosphate levels are high
...
Phosphofructokinase – I (PFK – I):- Often
considered the most important regulatory step in
Glycolysis, PFK – I converts Fructose – 6 –
phosphate to Fructose – 1,6 – bisphosphate
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3
...
It is
activated by Fructose – 1,6 – bisphosphate and
inhibited by ATP and Alanine
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In

Glycolysis, key enzymes are regulated by various
metabolites--1
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2
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AMP: Indicates low energy levels
stimulating PFK – I to enhance
glycolysis
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Fructose – 2,6 – bisphosphate :
Significantly activates PFK – I,
especially in the liver
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ATP: High levels signal sufficient
energy, inhibiting PFK – I
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Citrate:
Indicates
sufficient
biosynthetic precursors, leading
to inhibition
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Pyruvate kinase:➢ Activators:
i
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➢ Inhibitors:
ii
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iii
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• Hormonal regulation:Hormones play a crucial role in regulating
Glycolysis, a metabolic process that breaks down
glucose to generate energy
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i
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It also increases glucose
uptake into cells, making more glucose
available for glycolysis
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Glucagon:- Glucagon inhibits glycolysis by
inactivating PFK – I
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Other hormones that may influence glycolysis
include Adrenaline (Epinephrine) and Cortisol
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The overall effect of these hormones is to maintain
blood glucose levels within a normal range and ensure
that cells have a steady supply of energy
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When blood sugar is low, Glucagon
inhibits glycolysis to conserve glucose and stimulate
gluconeogenesis to produce more glucose
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Energy generation:- Produces a net gain of 2 ATP
molecules per glucose, providing immediate energy
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Anaerobic pathway:- Function in both aerobic and
anaerobic conditions, allowing energy production
without oxygen
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Precursor for metabolism:- Converts glucose into
Pyruvate, which can enter the Krebs cycle or be
converted into lactate or ethanol
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Quick response:- Provides a rapid source of ATP,
crucial during high – intensity exercise or stress
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Connection to other pathways:- Links to other
metabolic pathways, including gluconeogenesis and
the Pentose Phosphate Pathway



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