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GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
The Second Law of Thermodynamics
The second law of thermodynamics that the total entropy of the universe always
Increase for Spontaneous Process
...
(It must be a positive value which corresponds to an increase
in entropy)
Third Law of Thermodynamics
What is the Third law of Thermodynamics?
The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a perfect crystal at a
temperature of zero Kelvin (absolute zero) is equal to zero at a temperature of zero
Kelvin, the following phenomena can be observed in a closed system:
•
•
The system does not contain any heat
...
Entropy
This explains why Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions may be Spontaneous
...
The large amount of heat released to the surroundings causes
large increase in entropy resulting to a net increase in entropy of the universe
...
Then the total change
in disorder can be positive and the reaction becomes spontaneous
...
For any chemical reaction:
∆S°reaction= ∆S°products−∆S°reactants
Step 1: Write the standard entropy of each formula
...
Standard absolute Entropies of some Substance at 25°C and 1atm
Substance
H2(g)
O2(g)
N2(g)
Cl2(g)
C(s, diamond)
H2O(g)
C(s, graphite)
H2O (l)
S°(J/mol−k)
130
...
14
191
...
07
2
...
83
5
...
91