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💻 Computer Definition and Components
A computer is a machine that accepts data as input, processes it using stored instructions without
human intervention, and outputs information
...
A computer only processes raw facts (data)
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To write a computer program:
1
...
2
...
3
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A program is also referred to as source code
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Binary code is a set of instructions that control the computer using zeros and ones, which the
computer understands as on or off signals
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Hardware components are physical devices (e
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, keyboards, monitors, processing
units)
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Input devices (e
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, keyboards) send data and information to the computer
...
g
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Main (primary) memory is where computers store data and instructions
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Divided into two components:
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
Control Unit
Multiprocessors: Computers with multiple processors
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Bus: A link between devices connected to the computer
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Disk drive: A peripheral device for recording, storing, and retrieving information
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Motherboard: The main circuit board containing connectors for attaching additional boards
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⚙️ Generations of Computers
Computers are categorized into generations that mark technological breakthroughs, starting in the
1940s
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Fourth
Further improvements
Improved speed and ease of use
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⚡️ Computer Capabilities
Computers draw their power from three factors:
Speed: Process data with amazing speed, responding to requests faster than humans
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Storage and Retrieval: Efficiently save and access data in computer memory
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Byte: 8 bits is equal to 1 byte
...
g
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Every character, number, or symbol on the keyboard is represented as a binary number in
computer memory
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Data codes are used to represent and transfer data between computers and network
systems
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Extended ASCII: An 8-bit code that also allows representation of 256 characters
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Constantly being improved to
make data input easier
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Memory devices:
Main memory (primary memory)
Secondary memory: Non-volatile and holds data when a computer is off
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Semiconductor memory chip (made of silicon): Can be volatile or nonvolatile
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Data can be read and written to RAM
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Data
cannot be written to ROM
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Typically stores BIOS information and the computer's system
clock
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Magnetic disk (made of Mylar or metal): Used for random access
processing
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Cloud storage: A popular option for storage
...
Network Attached Storage (NAS): Essentially a network-connected
computer dedicated to providing file-based data storage services to
other network devices
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Applications range from doing homework on subnotebooks, notebooks, and personal computers to
launching space shuttles with a supercomputer
...
Many different server platforms are available for performing specific tasks:
Application servers: Store computer software that users can access from their workstations
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Disk servers: Contain a large-capacity hard drive and enable users to store files and
applications for later retrieval
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File servers: Contain large-capacity hard drives for storing and retrieving data files
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Print servers: Enable users to send print jobs to network printers
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Web servers: Store webpages for access over the Internet
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It can be classified broadly as:
System software
Application software
An operating system (OS) is a set of programs for controlling and managing computer hardware and
software
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Resource allocation: Manages computer resources such as storage and memory
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Communication: Controls and transfers data among parts of a computer system,
such as communication between the CPU and I/O devices
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Can be
commercial software or software developed in-house
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Spreadsheet software: Capable of performing numerous tasks within a table of rows
and columns
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Presentation software: Used to create and deliver slideshows
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Desktop publishing software: Used to produce professional-quality documents
without expensive hardware and software
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Project management software: Helps project managers keep time and budget under
control by solving scheduling problems, planning and setting goals, and highlighting
potential bottlenecks
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CAD has replaced traditional tools like:
T-squares
Triangles
Papers
Pencils
⚙️ Generations of Computer Languages
Computer languages have evolved through five generations:
1️⃣ First Generation: Machine Language
Consists of a series of zeros and ones
...
2️⃣ Second Generation: Assembly Language
A higher-level language than machine language
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3️⃣ Third Generation: High-Level Languages
Machine independent
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You don't need to follow a rigorous command syntax to use them
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Designed to make the computer solve a given problem without a programmer or with
minimum programming effort