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Title: Unit 1 - The Chemistry of Life
Description: Contains: Chapter 1 - Introduction to Biology Chapter 2 - The Chemical Context of Life Chapter 3 - Water and Life Chapter 4 - Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Chapter 5 - The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules
Description: Contains: Chapter 1 - Introduction to Biology Chapter 2 - The Chemical Context of Life Chapter 3 - Water and Life Chapter 4 - Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Chapter 5 - The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules
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Chapter 1:
Introduction to Biology
Traits of Living Things
● Growth & development
● Evolution & adaptation
● Cellular organization
● Response to environment
● Homeostasis
● Metabolism
● Reproduction
Themes in Biology
● Hierarchy (studied at levels)
● Interaction (between matter and energy)
● Structure correlated to function (strunction)
● Cells (basic unit of life)
● DNA (heredity)
● Feedback (regulate systems)
● Evolution (changes over time)
Hierarchy
● Atom
● Molecule
● Organelle
● Cell
● Tissue
● Organ
● Organ system
● Organism
● Population
● Community
● Ecosystem
● Biosphere
Emergent properties ew properties emerge as the hierarchy list goes down
n
All cells contain
●
●
●
●
Membrane
Ribosomes
DNA
Cytosol (fluid)
Feedback
Negative
stimulus causes opposite response
>< or <>
Positive
exaggerates original stimulus
>> or <<
Taxonomy
based on binomial nomenclature
Taxonomy
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Domains
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Kingdoms
Bacteria
Archaea
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Discovery science
observe and take notes
Hypothesisbased approach
● Observation
● Question
● Hypothesis
● Prediction
● Test
● Conclusion
Controlled experiment
control all variables except one & have a control group
Chapter 2:
The Chemical Context of Life
Most Abundant Elements in Living Things (SP
ONCH
)
● S
ulfur
● P
hosphorus
● O
xygen
● N
itrogen
● C
arbon
● H
ydrogen
Isotopes
contain the same # protons but a different # neutrons
...
Covalent bonds
share electrons while
ionic bonds
transfer them
...
Electronegativity
the pull between two atoms in a molecule
Nonpolar
equal pull, stronger bond
Polar
unequal pull, weaker bond
Chapter 3:
Water and Life
Properties of Water
● Cohesive/Adhesive
○ High surface tension
● Moderates Temperature
○ High heat capacity
○ High heat of vaporization
● Expands Upon Freezing
○ Ice floats in liquid water
Cohesion
water molecules are attracted to other water molecules
Adhesion
water is attracted to to other surfaces
Surface Tension
how difficult it is to break the surface of a liquid
Moderates Temperature
absorbs heat from warm air and releases heat to cool air
Specific Heat
amount of heat needed to increase temperature
Evaporative Cooling
as a liquid evaporates, the remaining surface cools
Expands Upon Freezing
hydrogen bonds in water are more ordered, allowing them to
take up less space
Ice Floats
the larger volume of ice reduces its density, allowing it to float in water
Solute
substance that gets dissolved in another substance
Solvent
substance that dissolves another substance
Water
is the solvent of life
...
m
Molecules dissolve well in
similar olecules
...
Chapter 4:
Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
Function Groups
Hydroxyl
Carbonyl
Alcohols (polar/water soluble)
Carboxyl
Bases (alkaline)
Phosphate
Sulfhydryl
Isomers
Amino
Acids
Ionized
Stabilizers
Chapter 5:
The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules
Biological Macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Elements:
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (1:2:1)
Monomer: onosaccharides
m
Polymer:
polysaccharides/disaccharides
Synthesis Reaction:
dehydration synthesis / glycosidic linkage
Examples:
poly: starch, cellulose mono:glucose, fructose
Functions:
poly: leveled, longterm energy mono: major, shortterm energy
Lipids
Elements:
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (1:2:few)
Monomer:
triglyceride
Polymer:
N/A
Synthesis Reaction:
dehydration synthesis / ester linkage
Examples:
animal fats, oils, steroids, waxes
Functions:
protect organs
Proteins
Elements:
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen (no ratio)
Monomer:
amino acids
Polymer:
polypeptides
Synthesis Reaction:
dehydration synthesis / peptide linkage
Examples:
hemoglobin, catalase, antibodies
Functions:
enzymes, transport O2, provide structure
Glycosidic linkage, ester linkage, and peptide linkage are all examples of
dehydration
synthesis
Title: Unit 1 - The Chemistry of Life
Description: Contains: Chapter 1 - Introduction to Biology Chapter 2 - The Chemical Context of Life Chapter 3 - Water and Life Chapter 4 - Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Chapter 5 - The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules
Description: Contains: Chapter 1 - Introduction to Biology Chapter 2 - The Chemical Context of Life Chapter 3 - Water and Life Chapter 4 - Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Chapter 5 - The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules