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DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING NBCE PART 2
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (LASTEST
UPDATE)
...
- CORRECT ANSWER -night; aspirin

*similar to brodies*

_________________ is chronic osteomyelitis
...
- CORRECT ANSWER -Brodies abscess

*Osteoid osteoma just night pain w/ no fever*

Brodie's abscess appears like an _______________
...
- CORRECT ANSWER Ollier's disease

*10-15% rate of malignant degeneration*

________________ is soft tissue calcification with enchondromas
...
- CORRECT
ANSWER -Enostoma

AKA bone island

___________________ is multiple bone islands
...
- CORRECT ANSWER -Osteopoikilosis

(polka dots)

Most common benign bone tumor of the neural arch - CORRECT ANSWER Osteoblastoma

Osteoblastoma viewed - CORRECT ANSWER -lateral cervical view
posterior arch

Complication of a osteoblastoma on the neural arch include decreased
____________ sense due to ________________ - CORRECT ANSWER Vibration; canal stenosis/cord compression

___________ is the most common benign bone tumor of the skull CORRECT ANSWER -Osteoma

Location of an osteoma - CORRECT ANSWER -Frontal sinus

_____________ Projection is the best way to view frontal sinus osteoma
- CORRECT ANSWER -Caldwell projection

________________ is a widened metaphsyis seen in rickets,
osteoporosis, fibrous dysplasia, dwarfism, storage diseases (marrow
packing), multiple osteochondromas and sickle sell disease - CORRECT
ANSWER -Erlenmeyer flask deformity

AKA undertubulation

Ground glass appearance and cafe au lait spots (Coast of Maine) are
associated with __________________
...
CORRECT ANSWER -Rind

________________ form of FD is is physiological resorption of normal
bone replaced by fibrous tissue - CORRECT ANSWER -Polystotic

Saber Shin tibia and shepherds crook are associated with
__________________
...
- CORRECT ANSWER -Multiple Myeloma

Symptoms of multiple myeloma - CORRECT ANSWER -Cachexia, weight loss,
anemia
Malignant proliferation of plasma cells infiltrating bone marrow
Multiple dark densities that are *similar in size* (PUNCHED OUT
LESIONS)
Pathological collapse (VERTEBRAL PLANA)
Associated with RAIN DROP SKULL

What type of bone scan is used for multiple myeloma? - CORRECT ANSWER Cold

Reversal of the ____________________ ratio is a lab finding for MM CORRECT ANSWER -albumin/globulin

M Spike on the immuneoelectrophoriesis and Bence Jones proteinuria are
lab findings for ___________________
...
- CORRECT ANSWER -Multiple myeloma or RA

Most common malignant tumor of bone - CORRECT ANSWER -Metastatic
disease (lytic and blastic)

Characteristics of lytic metastasis - CORRECT ANSWER ->40 years old
Recent unexplained weight loss, skeletal pain worse at night
Eats away at pedicle
Trabecular reabsorbed turns the bone darker in color
...
CORRECT ANSWER -Lytic mets

Swiss cheese appearance in the skull is a sign of _________________
...
- CORRECT ANSWER -PA; hodgkin's
disease
...
- CORRECT ANSWER -reed sternberg

Ivory white vertebrae with no cortical thickening or bone enlargement is
characteristic of ______________
...
- CORRECT ANSWER -hot

Lab findings for Pagets are increased __________________ and
__________________
...
- CORRECT ANSWER -osteosarcoma

Labs for osteosarcoma - CORRECT ANSWER -Increased alkaline phosphatase
Special test: bone scan

Spiculated/radiating/sunburst periosteal reaction of bone is characteristic
of _______________ and ________________
...
CORRECT ANSWER -Ewing's Sarcoma

*Bone expansion, codman's triangle, saucerization*

Age for Ewing sarcoma - CORRECT ANSWER -10-25+ years old

Location of ewing sarcoma - CORRECT ANSWER -Diaphysis of long bones

______________ is an aberrant notochordal cell tumor
...
- CORRECT
ANSWER -sacrum

*second m/c is the skull*

Age for chordoma - CORRECT ANSWER ->40 year old

Tumors that turn bone dark (2) - CORRECT ANSWER -Multiple myeloma
Lytic metastasis

Tumors that turn bone white (3) - CORRECT ANSWER -Hodgkins
Blastic metastasis
Pagets syndrome

Common population for scoliosis - CORRECT ANSWER -Females 13-19

You name scoliosis by the side of the major _____________
...
- CORRECT ANSWER -RA

RA spares the _________ - CORRECT ANSWER -DIPs

____________ deformity is ulnar or fibular deviation seen with RA
...
- CORRECT ANSWER -SI

Population for Anklylosing spondylitis (Marie stumpell) - CORRECT ANSWER Males 15-35 years old

AKA for AS - CORRECT ANSWER -Marie Strumple

Which seronegative arthritis presents as low back pain with morning
stiffness? - CORRECT ANSWER -Ankylosing spondylitis

Iritis/uveitis is associated with which seronegative arthritis? - CORRECT
ANSWER -AS

Chest expansion, Forrester's bowstring and Lewin's supine are orthos for
_________
...
- CORRECT ANSWER -HLA B27, and + ESR

Enteropathic arthropathy is identical to ________ except with
____________ dysfunction
...
- CORRECT ANSWER -increase

Silver scaly lesions on extensors and pitted nails are signs of
_______________
...
- CORRECT ANSWER -non marginal; spine

PA is most commonly found in the ______________
...
- CORRECT ANSWER -chlamydia

Calcaneal spur is a sign of ____________ - CORRECT ANSWER -Reiters

Fluffy periostitis - CORRECT ANSWER -Reiters

Reiters presents with ______________ syndesmophytes in the spine CORRECT ANSWER -non-marginal

Labs for reiter's syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER -+ HLA B27
+ Chylamydia culture

Population for SLE - CORRECT ANSWER -Females

___________ can present with ulnar deviation of the phalanges with no
joint destruction
...
- CORRECT ANSWER -scleroderma

CREST syndrome is associated with - CORRECT ANSWER -scleroderma

Labs for scleroderma (3) - CORRECT ANSWER -+ FANA
+RA latex
Anti-DNA

Population for osteitis condensans ilia (osteitis triangularis) - CORRECT
ANSWER -Multiparous females, 20-40 years old

Bilateral/symmetric triangular sclerotic areas on the lower half of the ilium
with normal joint space - CORRECT ANSWER -Osteitis condesnans ilia

*Self resolving*

Case management for osteitis condensans ilia - CORRECT ANSWER Trochanteric belt for stability

DJD symptoms - CORRECT ANSWER -Noninflammatory
Most commonly involves weight bearing joints
Stiffens with rest and improves with activity
aka osteoarthritis

Complications of DJD - CORRECT ANSWER --Spinal stenosis
-IVF encroachment

*most common site affected in spine is C5/6*

DJD in spine - CORRECT ANSWER --IVD narrowing
-osteophyte
-endplate sclerosis

__________________ nodes are DJD in the PIPs - CORRECT ANSWER Bouchards

_________________ nodes are DJD of the DIPs - CORRECT ANSWER Heberden's

DJD has _____________ distribution with ______________ loss of
joint space with ______________
...
- CORRECT ANSWER -superolateral

*w/ sclerosis*

DJD knee presents as decreased ___________ joint space with
____________ space reserved
...
- CORRECT ANSWER -males >40 w/ neck stiffness
or pain swallowing

AKA for DISH - CORRECT ANSWER -Forestier's dx

Diffuse Idiopathic Hyperostosis associated w/ _______________ CORRECT ANSWER -diabetes mellitus

DISH can create ossification of the __________ following hyperostosis CORRECT ANSWER -PLL

Candle wax drippings - CORRECT ANSWER -DISH

Disc space is ____________ with DISH - CORRECT ANSWER -preserved

DISH has ________ contiguous segments involved
...
- CORRECT ANSWER -sensory

AKA for neurogenic arthropathy - CORRECT ANSWER -Charcots joints

What pathologies is neurogenic arthropathy (charcots joint) seen in? CORRECT ANSWER -Diabetes
tabes dorsalis
syphilis
syringomyelia
corticosteroids

6 D's of neurogenic arthropathy - CORRECT ANSWER -Distention
Density of subchondral sclerosis
Debris within joint
Dislocation
Disorganization
Destruction of bone

Location for neurogenic arthropathy are the ___________ and
__________
...
- CORRECT ANSWER -synovial
chondrometaplasia (SCM)

Common joint affected in SCM - CORRECT ANSWER -Knee

Population for gout - CORRECT ANSWER -Males >40 years old

Gout is an overproduction of _____________
...
- CORRECT ANSWER -Mono

Overhanging margin and junta-articular erosions are associated with
___________
...
CORRECT ANSWER -uric acid; ESR

Special test for Gout - CORRECT ANSWER -joint aspiration

Pharmacology for gout - CORRECT ANSWER -Acute: colchicine
Chronic: allopurinol

_______________ is thin linear calcification parallel to the articular
cortex within the joint space - CORRECT ANSWER -Calcium pyrophosphate
dihydrate crystal deposition disease (CPPD)

*Chondrocalcinosis when affecting cartilage*

CPPD AKA - CORRECT ANSWER -pseudogout

Common location of CPPD - CORRECT ANSWER -Knee

______________ is round or oval calcifications near the insertion of a
bursa or tendon - CORRECT ANSWER -Hydroxyapatite deposition disease
(HADD)

HADD most commonly affects the ____________
...
- CORRECT ANSWER
-trauma

*osteonecrosis/osteochondrosis*

True or false?

AVN is self resolving - CORRECT ANSWER -AVN

*takes 8 mos to 2 years*

Can lead to DJD
Special tests: bone scan or MRI
there are no labs for AVN
whiter on x-ray

avascular necrosis can lead to _________ - CORRECT ANSWER -DJD

Labs for avascular necrosis - CORRECT ANSWER -none

Special tests for AVN - CORRECT ANSWER -MRI and bone scan

Preiser's - CORRECT ANSWER -Carpal scaphoid AVN

Scheuermann's disease - CORRECT ANSWER -Vertebral end plate epiphysis
AVN

Legg Calve Perthes - CORRECT ANSWER -Femoral epiphysis/femoral head
AVN

Kohler's - CORRECT ANSWER -Tarsal Navicular AVN

Keinboch's - CORRECT ANSWER -Carpal lunate AVN

Sever's - CORRECT ANSWER -Calcaneus AVN

Blount's - CORRECT ANSWER -Medial tibial condyle AVN

Freiberg's - CORRECT ANSWER -Head of 2nd or 3rd metatarsal

Osteochondritis dessicans - CORRECT ANSWER -Articular surface of the medial
femoral condyle AVN

Panner's - CORRECT ANSWER -Capitellum AVN

Population for osteochondritis dessicans - CORRECT ANSWER -16-25+,
athletes

Characteristics of osteochondritis dessicans - CORRECT ANSWER -Knee locks
out on extension

A characteristic of _________________ is the knee locking out on
extension
...
- CORRECT ANSWER osteochondritis dessicans

Osteochondritis dessicans is best seen on __________ view radiograph
...
- CORRECT ANSWER Scheuermann's disease

A radiographic sign of scheurmann's is slight loss of _____________
body height of 1 or more vb - CORRECT ANSWER -anterior

Case management for scheuermann's disease - CORRECT ANSWER -Thoracolumbar brace
-strengthen the erectors and stretch the pecs

Radiographic signs of scheuermann's disease - CORRECT ANSWER --Slight loss
of anterior body height of one or more vertebrae
-endplate irregularities of 1 or more vb segments

scheuermann's disease can cause __________________ and
______________
...
- CORRECT
ANSWER -mc boy 4-9

*refer to orthopedist for an A brace*

Flattening of femoral head and increased joint space are some radiographic
findings of ___________
...
CORRECT ANSWER -crescent

Increased white density of femoral head with LCP is ______________ CORRECT ANSWER -snow capped appearance

healed LCP - CORRECT ANSWER -mushroom capped appearance

Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) m/c affects _________ age
_________
...
- CORRECT ANSWER -Salter Harris Type 1

With SCFE femoral head slides ____________ and ____________ and
the femoral neck slides __________ and ____________
...
- CORRECT ANSWER -slipped capital femoral
epiphysis

Hypoplastic femoral head, shallow acetabular shelf, and femoral head
outside the acetabulum is __________ triad, which is a sign of
____________________
...
- CORRECT ANSWER -Protrusio acetabuli

Radiographic sign for protrusio acetabuli is obliteration of
__________________ teardrop - CORRECT ANSWER -kohler's

Conditions with protrusion acetabuli: - CORRECT ANSWER -Paget's
Osteoporosis
Osteomalacia
RA

*also trauma and idiopathic*

Bilateral protrusion acetabuli most often occurs with
________________
...
- CORRECT ANSWER -Comminuted

_____________ fracture is displacement or separation of a slightly
movable joint - CORRECT ANSWER -Diastasic

Skin ruptured and bone exposed - CORRECT ANSWER -Compound/open
fracture

incomplete fracture in children - CORRECT ANSWER -Greenstick/hickory stick

Bone fragments driven into one another - CORRECT ANSWER -impaction
fracture

Incomplete fracture, one side of the cortex is affected - CORRECT ANSWER Torus/buckling fracture

___________ fractures are clinically evident but not seen on X-ray- may
be seen _________ days later - CORRECT ANSWER -Occult; 1 week to 10 days

Insufficiency or repetitive stress causing a fracture - CORRECT ANSWER stress/fatigue fracture

Fracture on the 1st metacarpal - CORRECT ANSWER -Bennett's fracture

Fracture of the 2nd or 3rd metacarpal - CORRECT ANSWER -Boxer's fracture

Fracture of the 4th or 5th metacarpal - CORRECT ANSWER -Bar room fracture

Most commonly fractured carpal bone - CORRECT ANSWER -scaphoid

Fracture of the proximal ulna - CORRECT ANSWER -Night stick fracture

Fractured ulna with radial head displacement

grdUMp - CORRECT ANSWER -Monteggia fracture

*grdUMp*

Monteggia fracture is a fractured __________ with _____________
displacement
...
- CORRECT ANSWER -posterior

A ___________ fracture is a Fracture of the distal radius with anterior
displacement of the distal fragment - CORRECT ANSWER -Smith's

A Smith's fracture is a fracture of the distal radius with ______________
displacement of the distal fragment
...
- CORRECT
ANSWER -C6-T1

Bilateral pedicle fractures of C2 due to hyperextension injury - CORRECT
ANSWER -Hangman's fracture

Fractures through the anterior and posterior arches of atlas due to axial
compression - CORRECT ANSWER -Jefferson burst fx

Avulsion of the tip of the dens - CORRECT ANSWER -Type 1 odontoid fx

Fracture through the base of the dens - CORRECT ANSWER -Type 2 odontoid fx

Fracture through the body of C2 - CORRECT ANSWER -Type III odontoid
fractures

Avulsion of the anterior inferior aspect of the vertebral body from a
hyperextension trauma - CORRECT ANSWER -Teardrop fracture

associated with Acute anterior cervical cord syndrome

Teardrop fracture is an avulsion of the ________________
______________ aspect from a ________________ trauma
...
- CORRECT ANSWER -C2

Fracture through any open growth plate - CORRECT ANSWER -Salter Harris
fracture

horizontal fracture through the growth plate - CORRECT ANSWER -Type 1
Salter Harris Fracture

*S*traight across

Fracture through growth plate and metaphysis (MC) - CORRECT ANSWER Type 2 Salter Harris

*A*bove

Fracture through growth plate and epiphysis - CORRECT ANSWER -Type 3
Salter Harris

*L*ow

Growth plate, metaphysis, and epiphysis - CORRECT ANSWER -Type 4 SH

*T*hrough or *T*wo

compression deformity of the growth plate - CORRECT ANSWER -Type 5 Salter
Harris
c*R*ush

Tibial apophysitis - CORRECT ANSWER -Osgood Schlatter's

-Pinpoint pain and swelling
-10-16 +/-Cho-pat brace

Avulsion(hamstrings) of the ischial tuberosity - CORRECT ANSWER -Rider's
bone

horizontal fracture through a single body and posterior arch - CORRECT
ANSWER -Chance fracture (seatbelt)

Chance fractures are most common at __________
...
- CORRECT ANSWER -Type 1/dysplastic

Type ____________ spondylolisthesis- fracture through the pars
...
- CORRECT
ANSWER -L5

Type ______________ spondylolisthesis is DJD of the facet joint CORRECT ANSWER -III/degenerative

*MC at L4*

Type _____________ spondylolisthesis is fracture through the pedicle
...
- CORRECT ANSWER -V/pathological

Special test for Spondylolisthesis - CORRECT ANSWER -SPECT

Meyerding's scale for spondylolisthesis - CORRECT ANSWER -Grade 1: up to
25%
Grade 2: 26-50%
Grade 3: 51-75% (inverted napoleon hat sign grade 3 or more)
Grade 4: 76-100%
Flexion and extension radiographs for stability
special test=SPECT

Most commonly dislocated carpal bone - CORRECT ANSWER -lunate

Sign associated with lunate dislocation - CORRECT ANSWER -Pie sign

Terry Thomas sign and signet ring sign are associated with
______________ dislocation - CORRECT ANSWER -Scaphoid

May present with Bankhart and/or Hill sacks/hatchet deformity - CORRECT
ANSWER -Glenohumeral joint dislocation

*Chronic dislocation*

Glenoid labrum tears ____________ to ________________
...
- CORRECT ANSWER -Posterior pontacle

*aka posticus ponticus*

The posterior pontaicle transmits the _______________ nerve and the
_____________ artery
...
- CORRECT ANSWER alatnoaxial instability

*seen in downs patients w/o transverse ligament- most perform stress films
before tx is commenced*

Os odontoideum - CORRECT ANSWER -normally developed cephalic part of the
dens is not fused with the C2 body
Smooth, wide, lucent defect between the body of C2 and dens

________________ are adjacent vb osseously fused from birth
...
- CORRECT ANSWER -wasp waist; hypoplastic

_____________________ has multiple congenital blocs - CORRECT
ANSWER -Klippel Feil syndrome

Short webbed neck, low hair line, and decreased ROM - CORRECT ANSWER Klippel Feil syndrome

Associated with sprengle's deformity and omovertebral bone - CORRECT
ANSWER -Klippel Feil syndrome

________________ is contralateral pedicle hypertrophy and sclerosis CORRECT ANSWER -Pedicle agenesis

Butterfly vertebra - CORRECT ANSWER -Failure of the center of the vertebral
body to ossify properly

__________________ is an isolated wedged vertebra caused by failure
of development of a lateral ossification center
...
- CORRECT ANSWER -Knife clasp

*Pain on extension*

Hair on end appearance in skull and H shape VB in spine - CORRECT ANSWER
-Sickle cell anemia

*collapse of vasculature*

Thalassemia is a ____________cytic __________chromic anemia
...
- CORRECT
ANSWER -Thalassemia

Hyperparathyroidism ASL - CORRECT ANSWER -F/ 30-50 /parathyroid

Hyperparathyroidism is over activity of the parathyroid gland that causes
______________ in the blood to go up and ____________ to go
down
...
- CORRECT ANSWER -Rickets

*especially seen in long bones*

_________________ is the absent zone of provisional calcification seen
in _______________
...
CORRECT ANSWER -coxa-femoral angle

_______________ deformity is shortened distal radius, asymmetric
prominence of ulnar styloid, posterior subluxation of distal ulna - CORRECT
ANSWER -Madelung's deformity

Negative ulnar variance - CORRECT ANSWER -Ulna is unusually shorter than
the radius
Seen with scapho-lunate dislocation

Negative ulnar variance is is seen with ________________ dislocation
...
- CORRECT
ANSWER -medial collateral ligament

Myositis ossificans - CORRECT ANSWER -Calcification of the muscle belly
Most commonly seen in the biceps and in the quadriceps
From trauma

Most common location for abdominal aortic aneurysm - CORRECT ANSWER Distal to the renal arteries

Normal abdominal aorta measurement - CORRECT ANSWER -Up to 3
...
8= AAA

Radiographic signs for abdominal aortic aneurysm - CORRECT ANSWER Aortic dilation, curvilinear calcification, *fusiform appearance*

Special tests for abdominal aortic aneurysm - CORRECT ANSWER -Doppler
Diagnostic ultrasound
Ultrasonography
CT
Refer to vascular specialist

Cholelithiasis 4 Fs - CORRECT ANSWER -Fat, flatulent, female, fertile

Cholelithiasis pain referral - CORRECT ANSWER -Inferior border of the right
scapula (viscerosomatic)

Tests for cholelithiasis - CORRECT ANSWER -Murphy's inspiratory arrest
Special test: ultrasound and cholecystogram

MC benign tumor in females - CORRECT ANSWER -Uterine fibroid

Fibroid cyst/leiomyoma (tumor of smooth muscle)

Calcified prostate - CORRECT ANSWER -Males >50 years old, urinary problems

Labs for calcified prostate - CORRECT ANSWER -PSA
Acid phosphatase
Metastasis (MC lumbar spine: alkaline phosphatase)

Phleboliths - CORRECT ANSWER -Calcification within veins, asymptomatic

Fat pads (elbow) indicates - CORRECT ANSWER -A radial head fracture
seen on lateral view

_________ is better for bone and _______ is better for ST - CORRECT
ANSWER -CT; MRI

CT Presents structures in different planes with equal clarity
Uses contrast and is 10X better than plain film
Visualizes occult fractures, bone fragment location, intra-articular
fractures, calcified soft tissue lesions, and brodie's abscess
...
e muscular dystrophy
water=darker

T2 weighted MRI - CORRECT ANSWER -Water density
whiter water

Colors for MRI- white, gray, and black - CORRECT ANSWER -Weighted is white
Other density will appear gray
Cortical bone is always black (signal void)

DEXA (DXA) SCAN measures ________________
...
A line is
drawn from the basion (anterior foramen magnum) to the center of the
sella turcica

Significance of basilar angle (martins basilar angle) - CORRECT ANSWER -if
>152 degrees: platybasia which may be associated with basilar impression

McGregor's line is drawn from the ____________ to the
________________ - CORRECT ANSWER -hard palate; base of the occiput

McGregor's line is the most accurate line for _________________
...
- CORRECT ANSWER -7, basilar

Landmarks for Macrae's line - CORRECT ANSWER -Anterior foramen magnum
(basion) to the posterior foramen magnum (opisthion)

Significance of macrae's line - CORRECT ANSWER -If the occipital bone is
above the line, this indicates basilar impression

Landmark for atlantodental interspace - CORRECT ANSWER -C1 anterior
tubercle to the odontoid

Significance of atlantodental interspace - CORRECT ANSWER -if this space is
>3 mm in adults or >5 mm in children, this indicates transverse ligament
rupture or instability due to trauma, Down's syndrome or inflammatory
arthritis

Landmark for george's line - CORRECT ANSWER -Posterior body margins are
checked for alignment with what should be a smooth, continuous line

Significance of george's line - CORRECT ANSWER -Discontinuous line may
indicate A to P vertebral malposition such as anterolisthesis or
retrolisthesis

Landmark for posterior cervical line - CORRECT ANSWER -Lines drawn at each
spinolaminar junction should form a smooth arc like curve

Significance of posterior cervical line - CORRECT ANSWER -Discontinuous line
may indicate A to P vertebral malposition such as anterolisthesis or
retrolisthesis

Landmark for stress lines of the cervical spine are drawn at the posterior
bodies of _______ and ______ - CORRECT ANSWER -C2; C7

Flexion stress line should intersect at ____________ in cervicals
...
- CORRECT ANSWER C5/C6; C4/C5

*May be altered by muscle spasm, joint fixation, or disc degeneration*

Line drawn along anterior VBs to posterior margin of air shadow of the
pharynx, larynx
...
CORRECT ANSWER -Pre vertebral ST

Significance for prevertebral soft tissue - CORRECT ANSWER -Soft tissue mass
(tumor, infection or hematoma)
Retropharyngeal (C2-4): >7 mm
Retrolaryngeal (C5): >14 mm
Retrotracheal (C6-7): >22 mm

Landmarks for cobb's method of scoliosis evaluation - CORRECT ANSWER Located superior and inferior extremes of scoliosis
...
Intersecting perpendicular
lines are drawn and the angle is measured

Preferred method of scoliosis evaluation - CORRECT ANSWER -Cobbs

Landmarks for Risser Ferguson method of scoliosis evaluation - CORRECT
ANSWER -Locate superior and inferior extremes of scoliosis and apical
segments
...
Two lines are drawn connecting center of apical segment with each
and vertebra and resultant angle measured

Risser Ferguson is for _____________________ - CORRECT ANSWER Scoliosis evaluation

Values are 25% below Cobb method of evaluation

Landmarks for sacral inclination - CORRECT ANSWER -Tangenital line is
drawn parallel and through the posterior margin of S1 and a vertical line is
drawn intersecting the sacral line

Normal sacral angle is between _______ and ________ degrees
...
- CORRECT ANSWER -30; 72; 46

Landmark for lumbosacral angle (sacral base angle, ferguson's angle) CORRECT ANSWER -Oblique line drawn through and parallel to the sacral
base
...
perpendicular line drawn
from the sacral promontory - CORRECT ANSWER -Ullmans line

Significance of ullmann's line (garland thomas line) - CORRECT ANSWER -L5
beyond the perpendicular line: spondylolisthesis

Landmark for Eisenstein's Method for sagittal canal measurement CORRECT ANSWER -Line drawn to connect the tips of the superior and inferior
articular processes
...
5

Ratio: 1 x 2/3 x 4
The higher the ratio, the smaller the canal

For the LS disc angle, lines are drawn parallel and through the
________________ of L5 and the ____________ of S1 - CORRECT
ANSWER -inferior end plate; superior end plate

Normal LS disc angle is _________ - CORRECT ANSWER -10-15 degrees

lumbar gravity line (ferguson's line) is drawn through the center of
________ vb - CORRECT ANSWER -L3

Lumbar gravity line (ferguson's line) should intersect at the
______________
...
- CORRECT ANSWER -subluxation; facet
imbrication

For Kohler's line, a line is drawn along the ____________ to the outer
aspect of the _____________
...
A perpendicular line is drawn tangential to the
tip of the greater trochanter

Significance of skinner's line - CORRECT ANSWER -The fovea capitus should lie
above or at the level of the trochanter line
...
Failure to intersect the line
indicates SCFE*

_____________ is the common benign bone tumor of the appendicular
skeleton
...
CORRECT ANSWER -Pedunculated (coat hanger exostosis/cauliflower like);
sessile

___________________ is multiple osteochondromas
...
- CORRECT ANSWER centrally, Diaphysis/metaphysis

*cortex to cortex*

Age for unicameral bone cyst - CORRECT ANSWER -<20 years old

Fallen fragment sign is present in _____________ - CORRECT ANSWER UBC

Which bone tumor is fluid filled? - CORRECT ANSWER -unicameral bone cyst

Aneurysmal bone cyst are (ABC) _________________ located in the
________________ or _____________
...
- CORRECT ANSWER -blood; expansile

*blister of bone/finger in ballon*

ABCs expand the ______________
...
A line is drawn between the inferior
patellar pole and the tibial tubercle

Patellar length and tendon length should be equal
...
- CORRECT ANSWER -20%; patella alta

Landmark for heel pad measurement - CORRECT ANSWER -The shortest
distance is measured between the plantar surface of the calcaneus and the
external skin contour

The the heel pad distance is >________mm in male or >________mm
in female it signifies _________

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