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Atomic structure
When we think of the word ‘structure’, we often imagine
something tangible, like a building, or an arrangement that organizes
matter
...
Around the nucleus, electrons zip through
the vast space surrounding it
...
The
nucleus occupies only about 0
...

These particles are found in distinct regions: protons and neutrons
reside in the nucleus, while electrons orbit in energy levels around
the nucleus
Atom

NUCLEUS

NEUTRONS

ELECTRON CLOUD

PROTONS

• PROTONS
- it carries a positive electrical charge

- It is located in the nucleus, along with neutrons
- The positive charge balances out the negative charge of the
electrons
- Its mass is approximately 1
...
, for example, lithium has the
proton number, or atomic number of 3

This number 3, is the
atomic number of Li

Mass number,
it is also known as
the nucleon number
and can be found by
the formula: no
...
of
neutrons

Remember that, the atomic number
on the element of the periodic table
can be identified, by determining
the least numbered value in the
box, the greater value would be the
mass number,

• Neutrons
- It has a neutral charge on it, which means it has no charge at
all! This happens because neutrons are made out of Quarks,
which have a fractional charge on them, like one quark may
have -2/3, and the other may have +2/3, the both will cancel,
and form a neutral sub particle
- Neutrons are also located in the nucleus
- Its mass is approximately about 1
...

- They are about 1838 times heavier than electrons, and make
up most of the mass of the nucleus, and the whole atom
...

WHAT IS AN ISOTOPE?

Isotopes are atoms of an element, which are having the same atomic
number but different mass number, it kinda works like this:

it depends on the core differences

• ELECTRONS
- Now electrons are rather out the ‘nucleus’, they are located in
the invisible shells of valency’s;
o electrons revolve around the nucleus in circular orbits,
these orbits are known by many names, like shells, or
energy levels, because they all have a specific energy
- electrons carry a negative charge of -1
- The mass of Electrons, can be approx, 9
...

- Ionic bonds: Electrons are transferred from one atom to
another, creating positive and negative ions that attract each
other
...
Think of it like the parking spot - electrons are like the
cars parked, and the atom's energy levels or shells are the different
areas where these cars are parked
...
The closer a shell is
to the nucleus, the lower its energy
...


•

The second shell holds 8 electrons
...


•
•
•
•

• Orbitals: Within each shell, there are different “rooms” called
orbitals, where electrons are likely to be
...

p-orbitals hold 6 electrons
...

f-orbitals hold 14 electrons
...
So, an atom will fill
its 1s orbital (the closest one to the nucleus) before moving on to
the next one
...
If two electrons are in

the same orbital, they have to have opposite spins—kind of like
two dancers in the same spot spinning in opposite directions
...
It’s like people filling up a row of seats one by one before sitting
next to someone
...
For
example:
•
•

Hydrogen (H) has 1 electron, so its configuration is 1s¹
...


Bigger Atoms:
For bigger atoms like Iron (Fe), things get a little more complicated, but
it still follows the same basic rules
...

Noble Gas Shorthand:
To make things easier, we often use the noble gas shorthand
...


Now this was the spdf configuration, however there is a more
simple method, or electronic configuration, which uses, K, L, M, N
shells, instead of S, P, D, F
...
The periodic table is like a neighborhood
where atoms with similar atomic structures live on the same street

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