Notesale: Turn your study into money

Document Preview

Extracts from the notes are below, to see the PDF you'll receive please use the links above

---

SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY
Introduction:
Chemistry is the science of molecules and their transformations which deals with the
study of matter, its composition, the changes that matter undergoes and the relation
between changes in composition and changes in energy
...


Branches of Chemistry:
 Organic Chemistry- This branch deals with study of carbon compounds especially
hydrocarbons and their derivatives
...
It largely concerns itself with the study of minerals found
in the Earth's crust
...
It is basically concerned
with laws and theories of the different branches of chemistry
...
Analytical Chemistry-This branch deals with the qualitative and
quantitative analysis of various substances
...

 Nuclear Chemistry- Nuclear reactions, such as nuclear fission, nuclear fusion,
transmutation processes etc
...


Importance of Chemistry:
Chemistry plays a central role in science and is often intertwined with other branches of
science
...
, including new material
...
It also plays an important role in meeting human needs for
food, healthcare products and other material aimed at improving the quality of life
...
For example, book, pen, pencil, water, air, all living beings, etc
...
It is made up of only one type of atoms, ex
...


Compound
Compound is the substance which is made up of two or more elements combined
together in a fixed ratio by their weight e
...
, carbon dioxide
...
e
...
, Sugar + Water, Sodium Chloride + Water, Sand + Water
On the basis of composition, mixtures are of following type:
➢​ Homogeneous mixture: The mixture which has uniform composition through out e
...
,
sugar solution
...
e
...
sand in water
...
Atom word means not to be cut
...


International System of Units (S
...
)
The international system of units (in French Le Systeme International d' Unités abbreviated as SI) was established in 1960 by the 11th general conference on weights
and measures
...


Prefixes in SI system
Definition of SI Base Units
●​ Metre: The metre is the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time
interval of 1/(299792458) of a second
...

●​ Second: The second is the duration of 9192631770 periods of the radiation
corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground
state of the caesium-133 atom
...

●​ Kelvin: The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is the fraction 1/273
...

●​ Mole: The mole is the amount of substance of a system which contains as many
elementary entities as there are atoms in 0
...

●​ Candela: The candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source
that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 × 1012 hertz and that has a
radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 watt per steradian
...
Scientific
notations, significant figures and dimensional analysis help us in many ways in
presenting of data and theoretical calculations
...
Thus, 232
...
32508 × 102 in scientific notation
...

However, accuracy is the agreement of a particular value to the true value of the result
...
9 and its measurements taken by two boys are 3
...
8
...
8 is more accurate as it is closer to the true value
...
85 is
more precise than 3
...


Significant Figures
i
...
There are certain rules for determining the number of
significant figures
...
All digits are significant except zero in the beginning of a number
...

iii
...
For example, 0
...

iv
...
For example, 0
...

v
...
Thus, 2
...

vi
...
e
...
000000 or 20 =
20
...

Notes: In additions or subtractions, the final result should be reported to the same
number of decimal places as that of the term with the least number of decimal places
...
These laws are known as
of chemical combination
...
Law of conservation of mass: This law was put forth by Antoine Lavoisier in 1789
...

ii
...
This law states that a chemical compound is always found to be made of
same elements combined together in fixed proportion by weight
...

iii
...
According to
this law, When two elements combine to form two or more chemical compounds,
then weight of one of the element which combines with a fixed weight of the other,
bears a simple whole number ratio to one another
...

For example, The ratio of masses of oxygen in CO and CO2 for fixed mass of

carbon (12) is 16 : 32 = 1 : 2
...
Law of reciprocal proportions: It states that the ratio of weights of two elements A and
B, which combine separately with the fixed weight of a third element C is either
same or some simple whole number of the ratio of weights in which A and B
combine directly with each other
...

v
...

He observed that when gases combine or are produced in a chemical reaction they
do so in a simple ratio by volume, provided all gases are at the same temperature
and pressure
...

vi
...


Dalton's Atomic Theory
John Dalton in 1808 published “A New System of Chemical Philosophy” in which he
proposed atomic theory of matter
...
Matter is made up of extremely small, indivisible particles called atoms
...
Atoms of a given element are identical in all respect, i
...
, they possess same size,
shape, mass, chemical properties etc
...
Atoms of different elements are different in all respects, i
...
, they possess different
sizes, shapes, masses, chemical properties etc
...
Atoms of different elements may combine with each other in a fixed, simple, whole
number ratio to form compounds
...
Atoms can neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction
...


Atomic Mass and Molecular Mass
a) Atomic Mass: Atomic mass can be defined as a mass of a single atom which is
measured in atomic mass unit (amu) or unified mass (u) where,
1 a
...
u
...
It is obtained by multiplying the atomic mass of each

element by the number of its atoms and adding them together
...

Molecular mass of methane,
(CH4) = (12
...
008 u) = 16
...
00g of C-12
...
022 × 1023

Chemical Formulae
Symbolic representation of compound is called chemical formula
...

b) Molecular Formula: The molecular formula shows the exact number of different
types of atoms present in a molecule of a compound
...
The various concentration terms are,
1
...

2
...

3
...
m = {Number of moles of solute/Mass of solvent (in kg)} × 100
...
​ Molarity (M) – It is defined as number of moles of solute present in 1 L of
solution
...
​ Mole fraction : Suppose, n is the moles of solute and N is the moles of solvent, then,
(i)
...
Mole fraction of solvent (Xsolvent) =
୬ା

Xsolute + Xsolvent = 1
6
...

N = Gram equivalent of solute
Volume of solution (litre) × 100

Limiting Reagent
Limiting reagent is the reactant which is completely consumed in a reaction
...

N2(1 mole) + 3H2(3 mole) ⟶ 2NH3(2 mole)
It means 1 mole of N2 react with 3 mole of H2 to produce 2 mole of NH3
...
Matter: Anything that occupies space and has mass
...
Element: A pure substance which can neither be decomposed into nor built from
simpler substances by any physical or chemical method
...

3
...
It contains only one kind of molecules
...
Mixture: A substance obtained by simple mixing of two or more pure substances
...
Law of Conservation of Mass: During any physical or chemical change total mass of
the products formed is equal to the total mass of the reactants consumed
...
Law of Constant Composition: A chemical compound always contains same elements
combined together in same proportion of mass
...
Law of Multiple Proportions: When two elements combine with each other to form two
or more than two compounds then the masses of one of the elements that combine
with the fixed mass of the other, bear a simple whole number ratio to one another
...
Gay Lussac's law: When gases react with each other they do so in volumes which
bear a simple whole number ratio to one another and to the volumes of products, if
there are also gases, provided all volumes are measured under similar conditions of
temperature and pressure
...
Avogadro's Law: Equal volume of all gases under similar conditions contain equal
number of molecules
...
Atom: The smallest particle of an element that takes part in chemical
reactions
...
Molecule: The smallest particle of a substance that has
independent existence
...
Atomicity: The number of atoms in a molecule of
the elementary substance
...
Unified Mass (u): One-twelfth of the actual mass of an atom of carbon (C-12)
...
66 × 10–27 kg
...
Atomic Mass: The average relative mass of an atom of the element as compared
with mass of a carbon atom (C-12) taken as 12 u
...
Molecular Mass: The average relative mass of a molecule of the substance as
compared with mass of an atom of carbon (C-12) taken as 12 u
...
Gram Atomic Mass: The mass of 1 mole of atoms (6 × 1023) in g is called gram
atomic mass
...
Gram Molecular Mass: The mass of 1 gram molecule of compound
expressed in grams
...
Avogadro's Number (NA): 6
...


19
...
022 × 1023 specified particles
...
Molar Mass: Mass of one mole particles of the substance
...
Gram Molecular Volume (G
...
V
...
Its value is equal to 22
...
T
...

22
...
Molecular
formula is whole number multiple of empirical formula
...
Molarity (M): Number of moles of solute per litre of solution
...

24
...

25
...
15
26
...
Formula of Ferric Sulphate is:
(a) FeSo4
(b) Fe (So4)3
(c) Fe2 (So4)3

(d) Fe2So4
Question 2
...
89
...
9, the exact atomic weight of element would be
(a) 26
...
9
(c) 17
...
7
Question 3
...
5H2O is (a) 27
(b) 21
(c) 5
(d) 8
Question 4
...
The mass of the atom in a
...
u
...
2
(d) 12
Question 5
...
4 g sample of ethyl alcohol contains 0
...
The
amount of pure ethyl alcohol to the proper number of significant figures is
(a) 81
...
40 g
(c) 91
...
Which of the following halogen can be purified by sublimation?
(a) F2
(b) Cl2
(c) Br2
(d) I2
Question 7
...
02 × 1023 atoms of H
(b) 4 g atom of Hydrogen
(c) 1
...
0 g of carbon
Question 8
...
Which has maximum number of atoms?
(a) 24 g of C (12)
(b) 56 g of Fe (56)
(c) 27 gof Al (27)
(d) 108 g of Ag (108)
Question 10: Irrespective of the source, pure sample, of water always yields 88
...
11% mass of hydrogen
...
Hemoglobin contains 0
...
The molecular weight of
hemoglobin is approximately 67200
...
wt
...
The -ve charged particles is called:
(a) Anion
(b) Cation
(c) Radical
(d) Atom
Question 13
...
0 g of carbon (C – 12)?
(a) 6
...
0 g Methane
(c) 21
...
0 g CO
Question 14
...
78 gL-1 at STP
...
9 g
(b) 22
...
56 g
(d) 29 g
Question 15
...
2 N H2SO4 is
(a) 0
...
4
(c) 0
...
1

Very Short:
1
...
How has chemistry contributed towards nation’s development?
3
...

4
...

5
...
What is the difference between molecules and compounds? Give
examples of each
...
How can we separate the components of a compound?
8
...
What are the two different system of measurement?
10
...
Define Mole
...
Define molarity
...
What do you mean by Precision and accuracy?
4
...

5
...

6
...


7
...


Long Questions:
1
...
Explain with two examples
...
State the law of Constant Composition
...

3
...
How will you establish a
relationship between the two? Give examples
...
In the commercial manufacture of nitric acid, how many moles of NO2 produce
7
...
A sample of NaNO3 weighing 0
...
The
flask is then filled with water upon the etched mark
...
In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) followed by a statement of
Reason (R) is given
...

Assertion (A) : The empirical mass of ethene is half of its molecular mass
...

(i) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
...

(iii) A is false but R is true
...

2
...
Choose the correct option out of the choices given below
each question
...

Reason (R) : Carbon-12 isotope is the most abundunt isotope of carbon
and has been chosen as standard
...

(ii) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
...

(iv) Both A and R are false
...
Chemistry is the science of molecules and their transformations
...
Chemistry plays a central role in science and is often
intertwined with other branches ofscience
...
Let us start with the nature of
matter
...
solid, liquid and gas
...
In liquids, the particles are close to each other but
they can move around
...

different states of matter exhibit the following characteristics:
I
...

II
...
They take the
shape of the container in which they are placed
...
Gases have neither definite volume nor definite shape
...

Matter can be classified as mixture or pure substance
...
Pure substances can further be classified into
elements and compounds
...
These particles
may exist as atoms or molecules
...

Every substance has unique or characteristic properties
...
, and chemical properties, like composition,
combustibility, reactivity with acids and bases, etc
...
The measurement or observation of chemical properties requires a
chemical change to occur
...

(1) Which of the following state of matter have definite volume but do not have
definite shape ?
(a) Solid

(b) Liquid
(c) Gas
(d) Plasma
(2) Particles are held very close to each other in … in an orderly fashion and
there is not much freedom of movement
...
consist of only one type of atom
...

(a) One , two
(b) Three , one
(c) One , three
(d) Two , one
(5) Which of the following is not an example of Physical Properties of
substance
...
The uncertainty in the experimental or the calculated values is indicated by
mentioning the number of significant figures
...

The uncertainty is indicated by writing the certain digits and the last uncertain
digit
...

These are Stated below:
 All

non-zero digits are significant
...
25 mL, there are two significant figures
...
such zero
indicates the position of decimal point
...
03 has one significant figure
and 0
...

 Zeros between two non-zero digits are significant
...
005 has four
Significant figures
...
For example, 0
...
But, if otherwise, the terminal zeros are not significant if there is no
decimal point
...
However, accuracy is the agreement of a particular value to the true
value of the result
...

1) Law of Conservation of Mass- This law was put forth by Antoine Lavoisier in
1789
...
Hence, he reached to the
conclusion that matter can neither be created nor destroyed
...

2) Law of Definite Proportions- This law was given by, a French chemist,
Joseph Proust
...

3) Law of Multiple Proportions- This law was proposed by John Dalton
...
For example, hydrogen combines with oxygen
to form two compounds, namely, water and hydrogen peroxide
...
e
...
e
...

4) Gay Loussac’s Law of Gaseous Volumes- This law was given by Gay
Loussac in 1808
...

5) Avogadro’s Law- In 1811, Avogadro proposed that equal volumes of all
gases at the same temperature and pressure should contain equal number of
molecules
...

(2) All atoms of a given element have identical properties, including
identical mass
...

(3) Compounds are formed when atoms of different elements combine in a
fixed ratio
...
These are neither
created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction
...
a) Accuracy
b) Reliability
c) Precision
d) Uncertainty
2) Law of Conservation of mass was put forth by ………
...

a) Joseph Proust
b) Antoine Lavoisier
c) Joseph Louis
d) Gay Loussac
3) Which of the following number has two significant figures
...
0052
4) ………
...
a) Accuracy

b) Reliability
c) Precision
d) Uncertainty
5) Law of Multiple Proportions proposed by
...
(c) Fe2 (So4)3
2
...
89
3
...
(a) 10
5
...
398 g
6
...
(c) 4 g atom of Hydrogen
8
...
(a) 24 g of C (12)
10
...
(c) 4
12
...
(b) 8
...
(a) 39
...
(d) 0
...
Chemistry is the branch of science that studies the composition,
properties and interaction of matter
...
chemical principles are important in diverse areas such as weather patterns,
functioning of brain, operation of a computer, chemical industries, manufacturing ,
fertilizers, alkalis, acids, salts, dyes, polymers, drugs, soaps, detergents, metals,
alloys, contribute in a big way to national economy
...

roperty Solids Liquids Gases
1
...
Shape

Fixed

Not fixed, take
the shape of
container,

Not fixed, takes
the shape of
the
container

4
...

5
...
Molecules consist of different atoms or same atoms
...
g
...

Compound is formed when two or more than two different atoms combine in fire propo e
...

water –ration carbon dioxide, sugar etc
...
The constituents of a compound cannot be separated by physical methods
...

8
...
g
...
are physical
properties and combustion, basicity etc
...

9
...
10
...
A mole is the amount of a substance that contains as many entities (atoms, molecules,
or other particles) as there are atoms in exactly 0
...


Ans: 2
...
It is represented by the symbol M
...

Ans: 3
...

Accuracy refers to the closeness of a single measurement to its true value
...
Fundamental units: Fundamental units are those units by which other physical units

Stud

can be derived
...


Derived units: The units which are obtained by the combination of the fundamental units are
called derived units
...
Molality (m) = ୑୭୪ୣ ୭୤ ୱ୭୪୳୲ୣ
୑ୟୱୱ ୭୤ ୲୦ୣ ୱ୭୪୴ୣ୬୲ ୧୬ ୩୥

The molality of the solution does not depend upon the temperature
...
Atom: An atom is the smallest particle of an element that takes part in a chemical
reaction
...

Molecule: It is the smallest particle of a substance (element or compound) that is capable of
independent existence
Ans: 7
...
The Law of Multiple Proportions states:
“When two elements combine to form two or more than two chemical compounds than the
weights of one of elements which combine with a fixed weight of the other, bear a simple ratio to
one another
...
Compound of Carbon and Oxygen: C and O combine to form two compounds CO and CO2
...
of C combined with 16 parts by wt
...

In CO2 12 parts of wt
...
of O
...
, then the ratio in the weights of oxygen which

Stud &

Skills Centre, New Delhi
...
com, Website: www
...
in , PH: 8800688555 Stud & Skills Centre, New
Delhi
...
com, Website: www
...
in , PH: 8800688555

CHEMISTRY SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY
combine with the fixed wt
...

Thus, the weight of oxygen bears a simple ratio of 1: 2 to each other
...
Compounds of Sulphate (S) and Oxygen (O):
S forms two oxides with O, viz
...
of S combine with 32 parts by wt
...

In SO3, 32 parts of wt
...
of O
...
of S is fixed at 32 parts, then’ the ratio in the weights of oxygen which
combine with the fixed wt
...

Thus, the weights of oxygen bear a simple ratio of 2: 3 to each other
...
Law of Constant Composition of Definite Proportions states: “A chemical
compound is always found, to be made up of the same elements combined
together in the same fixed proportion by weight”
...
CO2 may be prepared in the laboratory as follows:
In all the above examples, CO2 is made up of the same elements i
...
, Carbon (C)
and Oxygen (O) combined together in the same fixed proportion by weight of 12:
32 or 3: 8 by weight
...
The empirical formula of a compound expresses the simplest whole-number
ratio of the atoms of the various elements present in one molecule of the
compound
...
This suggests that in the molecule of benzene one atom of Carbon (C) is
present for every atom of Hydrogen (H)
...
Thus, the empirical formula of a compound represents

only the atomic ratio of various elements
present in its molecule
...

It expresses the actual number of atoms of various elements present in one
molecule of a compound
...
This suggests that in one molecule of benzene,
six atoms of C and 6 atoms of H are present
...

Relation between the empirical and molecular formula
Molecular formula = n × Empirical formula where n is an integer such as
1, 2, 3… When n = 1; Molecular formula = Empirical formula
When n = 2; Molecular formula = 2 × Empirical formula
...

n = ୑୭୪ୣୡ୳୪ୟ୰ ୫ୟୱୱ
୉୫୮୧୰୧ୡୟ୪ ୤୭୰୫୳୪ୟ ୫ୟୱୱ

The molecular mass of a volatile substance can be determined by Victor Meyer’s
method or by employing the relation
...

Empirical formula mass can however be obtained from its empirical formula simply by
adding the atomic masses of the various atoms present in it
...
0 u
...
2 mols of HNO3 are produced by 3 mols of NO2
7
...
����
�� mol of NO2
= 10
...

Ans: 5
...
������������
���� ����

= 0
...


Assertion Reason Answer:
1
...

2
...


Case Study Answer:
1
...

(5) (d) Composition
2
...
0052
(4) (a) Accuracy
(5) (d) John Dalton



---