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NOTES 1
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Distinguish Criminology from other allied fields of discipline
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CHAPTER 1
OVERVIEW OF CRIMINOLOGY
There is a growing interest in criminology as a field of study as evidenced by the
steady increase in the number of students taking up Bachelor of Science in Criminology
...
In fact, even the colleges and universities known for medical science,
computer-related and technical courses have also opened their doors for criminology
students
...
It
started its operation in June 1954 by offering a two-year course in criminology
...
In June 1972, PCCR established its graduate
school, offering a two-year program leading to the degree of Master of Arts in
Criminology
...
As of this writing, PCCR Graduate School is the only school in the
Philippines authorized by the government to offer the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in
Criminology (Ph
...
It is for these pioneering achievements that the Philippine College of
Criminology earned its rightful title, the pioneer school of criminology in the Philippines
...

According to Section 22 of RA 6506, a criminologist is any person who is a
graduate of the Degree of Criminology, who has passed the examination for criminologist
and is registered as such by the Board
...

Licensed or certified criminologist enjoy certain privileges when it comes to
employment
...
Section 33 RA 6975
as amended by RA 8551 and RA 9708 provides for such privileges
...

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This is especially helpful to all police officers who are aspiring to fast track their
career in the PNP
...

Fortunately, police officers who are licensed criminologist will definitely benefit from these
privileges granted only to select professions
...
In addition to those mentioned, graduates of
criminology are also inclined to have careers in the criminal justice and public safety
sector
...

But contrary to popular belief that the criminology course is only for those who
want to become police officers, career opportunities in the field of criminology are
plentiful, as can be seen from the provision of RA 6506
...
S Criminology is a good preparatory
course for those who want to take up Bachelor of Laws
...


DISTINCTION BETWEEN CRIMINOLOGIST AND CRIMINALIST
There is confusion in understanding the difference between the terms criminologist
and criminalist so it is important to compare and contrast the two terms
...
S Criminology and pass the PRC
Criminologist Licensure Examination
...
A criminologist may be employed as a criminalist because forensic
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science, or criminalistics, is part of the competencies of criminology
...

On the other hand, a criminalist is a practitioner in the field of forensic sciences,
such as a fingerprint examiner, questioned document examiner, ballistician, forensic
chemist, and polygraph examiner
...
And some of they may have been
able to work in the field of forensic sciences because they have acquired the necessary
knowledge and skills through specialized training
...
But not all
criminalists are licensed criminologists
...
At
present, it has achieved universal acceptance as a legitimate body of knowledge and
a rich area of research for the benefit of society
...
However, the most commonly used
is the one given by Edwin Sutherland, a noted American Criminologist, in his book,
Principles of Criminology, published in 1939 in the United States of America
...

According to Donald Cressey, Criminology is the body of knowledge regarding
delinquency and crime as a social phenomenon
...

According to Marvin Wolfgang and Franco Ferracuti, Criminology is the scientific
study of crime, criminals and criminal behavior
...

Etymological, the term criminology came from the Latin word, crimen, which
literally means accusation, and from the Greek word, logia, which means to study
...
Around the same time, but later, French anthropologist Paul Topinard used
the analogous French term criminologie
...
And from all these definitions, it can be said that
criminology is a field of study which tries to find answers to the following questions: what

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is a crime, what makes an act a crime, what causes people to commit crimes, how can
crimes be controlled, and who is responsible for controlling crimes?
PURPOSES OF CRIMINOLOGY
The purpose of criminology is to offer well-researched and objective answers to four
basic questions:
1
...
Why do individuals differ as to criminality?
3
...
What are the possible means of controlling criminality?
GOALS OF STUDYING CRIMINOLOGY
The study of criminology seeks to achieve the following goals:
1
...
To understand criminal behavior;
3
...
To control criminal behavior
...
It is not stable and it varies from one time
and place to another
...

Applied science is defined as the application of scientific knowledge
transferred into a physical environment
...

In like manner, criminology as a field of study also makes use of the different
principles of other sciences
...
This is called Instrumentation
...

Inasmuch as crime is a social creation that exists in a society being a social
phenomenon, its study must be considered a part of social science
...


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The word dynamic is used to described something that is always in motion and
always active
...
Technology and its applications are continuously
upgraded
...
And because criminology is dynamic, it is able to change to adapt to
these changes
...

4) Criminology is nationalistic
This means that the study of criminology takes into consideration the history, the
culture, the social norms and the laws of the country
...

Each country has its own set of laws and crimes are defined by the laws of the country
...
Criminology as a body of science is so broad that it can be sub-divided
into several areas
...
An act to be considered a crime must
have a law defining it as prohibited, and therefore illegal
...

2) Study of the Causes of Crimes and Development of Criminals
Criminology by simple definition is the study of crimes and criminals
...

3) Study of the other sciences that examine criminal behavior using scientific
methods, such as:
a) Criminal demography – the study of the relationship between criminality and
population
...

c) Criminal ecology – the study of criminality in relation to the spatial distribution
in a community
...

e) Criminal psychology – the study of human behavior in relation to criminality
...

g) Victimology – the study of the role of the victim in the commission of a crime
(Maglinao, 2006)

PRINCIPAL DIVISIONS OF CRIMINOLOGY
Criminology as a subject matter is so broad that its study is divided into three
divisions, namely, criminal etiology, sociology of law and penology
...
Criminal etiology (origin) deals with the scientific study of the causes of crimes
...

2
...
It is the scientific analysis of the conditions under which criminal
laws develop as a process of social control
...
Penology is the study of the control of crimes and the rehabilitation of the
offender
...


CHAPTER 2
CRIMES AND CRIMINALS
In the study of criminology, it is important that the basic concepts regarding crimes
and criminals are understood because basically that is what criminology is about
...
Simply said, crimes
will not exist without criminals
...

According to the Philippine Law Dictionary, crime is an act committed or omitted in
violation of a public law
...
An act
committed refers to a crime of commission
...
On the other hand, an act omitted refers
to a crime of omission
...

Why does crime exist?
There is crime because of the existence of law
...
Similarly, the Spanish text states,
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“nullum crimen nulla poena sine lege”
...
However, law is a form of social control and absence
of regulation in the community leads to the chaos between the people within the area
...

The Law of the Jungle speaks about “Survival of the Fittest” or in Tagalog parlance,
“Matira ang Matibay”
...
It is, therefore,
assumed that only the Lion (the king of the forest) will survive in the jungle because it can
physically outsmart other beings in the jungle
...
Triangle of Crime

The triangle of crime is a graphical representation of the elements of a crime
...
These three elements must be
present in a given situation before a crime may be committed
...

The element of desire/motive (M) refers to the wanting of the person to commit
the crime
...
It may
be because of the profit he will gain from it, or because of the satisfaction he may derive
from it
...

Capability/Instrumentality (C/I) refers to the ability or the means of the offender to
commit the crime
...
An offender who does not have the capability
would not be able to do it
...

It is the chance that the offender must have to commit the crime
...

Of the three elements, opportunity is what is being eliminated in all crime
prevention activities
...
Both legal and criminological classifications are further
classified into its sub-categories
...
Classification of Crimes

LEGAL CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMES
1
...
Classification of Crimes According to Law Violated

Crimes are sub-classified according to law violated
...
When the law violated is a special penal law, it is called
an offense
...

2
...
Classification of Crimes According to the Manner of Committing the Crime

Felony is an act or omission punishable by law which is committed by means of
dolo (deceit) or culpa (fault) and punishable under the Revised Penal Code
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The topics on felony are further discussed in Chapter 3, Introduction to Criminal
Law
...
ACCORDING TO THE STAGES OF COMMISSION:
CRIMES

CONSUMMATED

FRUSTRATED

ATTEMPTED

Figure 5
...

Frustrated crime – when the offender has performed all the acts of execution, which will
produce the felony as a consequence, but which nevertheless, do not produce the
felony by reason of causes independent of the will of the perpetrator
...
ACCORDING TO PLURALITY:
CRIMES

SIMPLE CRIMES

COMPLEX CRIMES

Figure 6
...

Robbery with homicide and Robbery with Rape are example of complex crimes
...
ACCORDING TO GRAVITY:

CRIMES/FELONIES

GRAVE FELONIES

LESS GRAVE FELONIES

LIGHT FELONIES

Figure 7
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Grave felonies - are those to which the law attaches the capital punishment or afflictive
penalties
...

Light penalties - are those to which the law attaches the penalty of arresto menor, or a
fine not exceeding TWO HUNDRED PESOS (P200
...
This is provided for by the Revised
Penal Code (RPC)
...
ACCORDING TO THE NATURE OF THE ACT:
CRIMES

MALA PROHIBITA

MALA IN SE

Figure 8
...

Crimes mala prohibita are acts that are prohibited only because there are laws
forbidding such acts
...

CRIMINOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS OF CRIMES
The criminological classifications of crimes are categorized according to the result
of the crime, to the time of period of the commission, to the place or location, to type of
offender and to the use of mental faculties
...
Classification of Crimes According to Results

A crime classified as acquisitive if the offender gained something, material or
otherwise, by committing the crime
...

It is destructive if the crime resulted in destruction, damage or even death
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2) ACCORDING TO THE TIME OR PERIOD OF THE COMMISSION OF THE CRIME:
CRIMES

SITUATIONAL CRIMES

SEASONAL CRIMES

Figure 10
...
Crimes are called seasonal if they happen only during a particular season or
period of the year
...
These are just a few of examples of seasonal crimes
...
Theft, such as pickpocketing is very common in crowded areas
...
Physical injuries can happen when a group of
people are having a drinking session in a public place, such as beer houses, videoke
houses, where other groups who are also drunk are present
...


3) ACCORDING TO THE LENGTH OF TIME OF THE COMMISSION OF THE CRIME:
CRIMES
EPISOIDAL CRIMES

INSTANT CRIMES

Figure 11
...

Theft is an instant crime, while serious illegal detention, more commonly known as
kidnapping, is an episoidal cime
...
Classification of Crimes According to Place or Location

Static crimes are committed only in one place, such as theft and robbery
...
The crime of abduction is an example of a continuing crime
...
Classification of Crimes According to the Use of Mental Faculties

The basic of this classification is the mental state of the person who committed the
crime
...
His mental condition is normal just
like any average person, he is rational
...
Crime committed by such person are said to be
irrational because the offender himself is irrational and is not capable of understanding
the crime he committed
...
Classification of Crimes According to the Type of Offender

The basic of this classification is the economic and educational status of the
person who committed the crime
...
If such person would commit a crime in
the course of his occupational activities, using knowledge and skills he possesses by being
a practicing professional, then the crime is classified as a white-collar crime
...

On the other hand, a blue-collar crime is a crime committed by an ordinary
criminal who commits crime as a source of his livelihood
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CRIMINALS
Crimes exist because there are people who perform acts that are in violation of
the law
...
So in studying crimes, it is important that the employed
involved are also examined
...

Without criminals, there will be no crimes
...

However, there are two distinct definitions of the term, based on legal perspective and
criminological perspective
...
Before a person can be called a criminal, he must have been judged guilty by
the court for the crime he committed
...
Therefore, a
person can only be called a criminal if the court has decided that he is
...
Based on this definition, a
person who committed a crime, whether he was caught or discovered, whether he was
arrested or not, whether he was judged by the court or not, is already a criminal
...


CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMINALS:
1) ACCORDING TO ETIOLOGY

CRIMINALS
ACUTE
CRIMINALS

CHRONIC
CRIMINALS
NEUROTIC
CRIMINALS

NORMAL
CRIMINALS

Figure 15
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An acute criminal is a person who violated the law as a result of reacting to a
situation, such as during a moment of anger or burst of feeling
...

Chronic criminals are further sub-divided into two categories, neurotic and normal
criminals
...

1) ACCORDING TO TYPE OF OFFENDER:
CRIMINALS

ORDINARY
CRIMINALS

ORGANIZED
CRIMINALS

PROFESSIONAL
CRIMINALS

Figure 16
...

An ordinary criminal is a criminal who engages in crimes which do not require any
specialized or technical skill
...

An organized criminal is one who possesses some skills and know-how which
enable him to commit crimes and evade detection
...

Professional criminals are characterized as highly-skilled and methodical in their
operations that they are engaged in large scale criminal activities
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2) ACCORDING TO CRIMINAL ACTIVITIES:
CRIMINALS
ACCIDENTAL
CRIMINALS

SITUATIONAL
CRIMINALS

HABITUAL
CRIMINALS

PROFESSIONAL
CRIMINALS

Figure 17
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A situational criminal is a person who got involves in a criminal act because the situation
presented itself
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A habitual criminal, as the name implies, is one who repeatedly commits criminal acts for
different reason due to deficiency of intelligence and lack of self-control
...

3) ON THE BASIS OF MENTAL ATTITUDES
CRIMINALS
ACTIVE AGGRESSIVE
CRIMINALS

PASSIVE INADEQUATE
CRIMINALS

SOCIALIZED DELINQUENT
CRIMINALS

Figure 18
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Such attitude is clearly shown in crimes
of passion, revenge and resentments
...

Socialized delinquent criminals – those who are normal in their behavior, but merely
defective in their socialization processes
...


CRIME STATISTICS
In the study of crimes, it is important to have records of the different crimes
committed, their number, the specific period of time and specific places where they are
committed
...
The compilation of all
these data is called crime statistics
...
To estimate the
nature of crime in the Philippines, criminologists and researchers primarily rely on the
National Crime Reporting System (NCRS), the data compiled by the National Police
Commission (NAPOLCOM) through the Crime Prevention and Coordination Service,
which measures crimes through reports made by the police and other law enforcement
agencies (Soriano, 2008)
...
Non-index crimes are those crimes that are not classified as index crimes,
meaning all other crimes not included in the enumeration are non-index crimes
...
Crime rate is computed using the formula:
Crime rate =

Crime Volume
Total number of population

X 100,000

Crime Volume, on the other hand, is the number of crimes reported as to its classification,
whether index or non-index, within a given period

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